Table 1.
Properties and activities of AVPs from aquatic organisms effective against viruses.
| Peptide | Source | Target virus | Mechanisms of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tilapia hepcidin (TH) 1–5 | Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) |
IPNV | Positive modulation of interleukin, annexin, and other anti-viral genes expressions | (Rajanbabu and Chen, 2011) |
| TH 1–5 | Tilapia | Grouper NNV | Agglutination of virions into clumps to inhibit their entry into host cells | (Chia et al., 2010) |
| TH 1–5 | Tilapia | JEV | Modulation of immune responsive gene expressions | (Huang et al., 2011) |
| Hepcidin 1–5 | Tilapia | NNV | Disruption or digestion of viral capsid proteins | (Wang et al., 2010) |
| Hepcidin-1 and hepcidin-2 | Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) |
Megalocytivirus RBIV-C1 | Disruption of viral envelope or capsid | (Zhang, J et al., 2014; Zhang, M et al., 2014) |
| Hepcidin-1 and hepcidin-2 | Turbot | VHSV | Increase peptide in host body tissues to suppress viral infection | (Pereiro et al., 2012) |
| EC-hepcidin1 and EC-hepcidin2 | Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) | SGIV | Inhibition of viral replication | (Zhou et al., 2011) |
| Om-hep1 and Pro-omhep1 | Medaka (Oryzias melastigmus) | WSSV | Inhibition of viral replication | (Cai et al., 2012) |
| SA-hepcidin2 | Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) | SCRV and MsReV | Not characterized | (Gui et al., 2016) |
| HAMP2-1/4 and HAMP2-3 | Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) | SGIV | Suppression of viral ORF072 and ORF086 gene expression; Inhibition of viral replication | (Mu et al., 2018) |
| omBD-1 | Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | VHSV | Modulation of immunity by upregulating MX1 gene and IFN-related antiviral response | (Falco et al., 2008) |
| zfBD2 | Zebrafish (Danio rerio) |
SVCV | Modulation of immunity by upregulating IFN stimulated MX gene | (García-Valtanen et al., 2014) |
| EcDefensin | Orange-spotted grouper | SGIV and NNV | Modulation of immunity and suppression of viral genes expressions; Reduction of structural proteins (MCP and CP) accumulation; Inhibition of viral replication | (Guo et al., 2012) |
| Grouper β-defensin | Orange-spotted grouper | RGV | Not characterized | (Jin et al., 2010) |
| TroBD | Golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) | NNV | Not characterized | (Zhou et al., 2019) |
| Epinecidin-1 | Orange-spotted grouper | NNV | Reduction of virion spreading through aggregation | (Wang et al., 2010) |
| Piscidin 1 N, 1H, 2 and 3 | Hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops) | CCV and FV3 | Reduction of viral infectivity | (Chinchar et al., 2004) |
| TO24 | Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) | ISKNV | Not characterized | (He et al., 2018) |
| Pa-map | Winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) |
HSV | Disruption of viral envelope | (Migliolo et al., 2012) |
| MDPle | Common dab (Limanda limanda) | VHSV | Disruption of viral membrane | (Falco et al., 2009) |
| NKLP27 (CsNKL1 derived) | Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) | Megalocytivirus RBIV-C1 | Inhibition of viral infection by upregulating expression of genes (TLR9 and Myd88) | (Zhang, M et al., 2014) |
| NK-lysin (NKl) | European bass, (Dicentrarchus labrax) | Nodavirus | Not characterized | (Valero et al., 2020) |
| Cyclic shrimp anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (cSALF) | Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) |
NNV | Modulation of gene (MyD88, Toll like receptor 4, and MX) expressions | (Chia et al., 2010) |
| PEN5 | Tiger Shrimp | WSSV | Increase the peptide load in WSSV infected shrimp to inhibit infection | (Woramongkolchai et al., 2011) |
| ALFpm3 (P. monodon anti-lipopolysaccharide factor 3) |
Tiger Shrimp | WSSV | Binds with the virus envelope protein WSSV189 | (Somboonwiwat et al., 2005) |
| rLvHcL48 | Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) | WSSV | Suppression of viral wsv069 and wsv421 gene expression | (Zhan et al., 2019) |
| Mj-sty | Kuruma shrimp (Marsupenaeus japonicas) | WSSV | Modulation of post-infection immune response | (Liu et al., 2015) |
| LBD (AFLs domain) | Chinese shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) | WSSV | Inhibition of viral replication | (Li et al., 2015) |
| Scygonadin | Green mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) | WSSV | Inhibition of virus replication through reducing IE1 gene expression | (Peng et al., 2012) |
| SpALF1 and Sp-ALF2 | Green mud crab | WSSV | Inhibition of virus replication through reducing IE1 gene expression | (Liu et al., 2012) |
| rCqALF | Red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus |
WSSV | Disruption of virus envelop; Inhibition of virus replication through reducing IE1 gene expression | (Lin et al., 2016) |
| Microspinosamide | Marine sponge (Sidonops microspinosa) | HIV | Inhibition of cytopathic effect of HIV-1 infection | (Rashid et al., 2001) |
CCV: Channel catfish virus; FV3: Frog virus 3; GCRV: Grass carp reovirus; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HSV: Herpes simplex virus; IPNV: Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus; ISKNV: Spleen and kidney necrosis virus; JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus; MsReV: Micropterus salmoides (largemouth bass) reovirus; NNV: Nervous necrosis virus; VHSV: Viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus; RGV: Rana grylio virus; SGIV: Singapore grouper iridovirus; SCRV: Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus; SVCV: Spring viraemia of carp virus; WSSV: White spot syndrome virus.