Table 4. Association between social determinants and TC and OOP in the population with DDM in the CHARLS 2011 study.
| Variables | patients with DDM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC | OOP payments | |||
| Logistic model, OR (95%CI) | Generalized linear model, β (95%CI) | Logistic model, OR (95%CI) | Generalized linear model, β (95%CI) | |
| Gender (ref: male) | ||||
| Female | 0.921 (0.658, 1.289) | 0.051 (-0.239, 0.340) | 1.003 (0.726, 1.387) | 0.024 (-0.263, 0.311) |
| Age (ref: 45–54 years) | ||||
| 55–64 years | 0.754 (0.494, 1.149) | 0.033 (-0.319, 0.384) | 0.735 (0.489, 1.106) | 0.007 (-0.341, 0.355) |
| 65–74 years | 0.759 (0.458, 1.259) | -0.494 (-0.917, -0.070)* | 0.764 (0.469, 1.246) | -0.553 (-0.971, -0.134)* |
| ≥ 75 years | 0.731 (0.382, 1.397) | -0.237 (-0.812, 0.338) | 0.758 (0.405, 1.422) | -0.524 (-1.092, 0.044) |
| Rural-urban status (ref: rural) | ||||
| Urban | 1.045 (0.710,1.537) | 0.338 (0.003, 0.672)* | 1.022 (0.703, 1.486) | 0.285 (-0.047, 0.617) |
| Regional location (ref: east) | ||||
| Middle | 1.516 (1.058, 2.172)* | 0.105 (-0.213, 0.423) | 1.566 (1.107, 2.216)* | 0.074 (-0.242, 0.391) |
| West | 1.619 (1.086, 2.414)* | 0.193 (-0.148, 0.534) | 1.169 (1.150, 2.481)* | 0.209 (-0.130, 0.548) |
| Highest completed education level (ref: primary school and below) | ||||
| Middle school | 0.974 (0.631, 1.502) | 0.080 (-0.286, 0.447) | 1.040 (0.684, 1.581) | 0.090 (-0.273, 0.454) |
| High school and above | 0.632 (0.388, 1.030) | 0.505 (0.067, 0.942)* | 0.686 (0.428, 1.097) | 0.406 (-0.032, 0.845) |
| Marital status (ref: unmarried/ divorced/ widowed | ||||
| Married | 1.884 (1.183, 2.998)* | -0.197 (-0.655, 0.261) | 1.708 (1.084, 2.692)* | -0.259 (-0.713, 0.194) |
| Occupation (ref: unemployed) | ||||
| Agricultural work | 0.393 (0.155, 0.997)* | 0.381 (-0.255, 1.018) | 0.578 (0.258, 1.293) | 0.167 (-0.478, 0.811) |
| Employed | 0.632 (0.231, 1.728) | 0.108 (-0.597, 0.813) | 0.986 (0.407, 2.393) | -0.056 (-0.768, 0.656) |
| Self-employed | 0.484 (0.160, 1.467) | -0.359 (-1.162, 0.444) | 0.851 (0.311, 2.329) | -0.440 (-1.242, 0.362) |
| Retired | 0.550 (0.209, 1.447) | 0.628 (-0.052, 1.308) | 0.785 (0.337, 1.829) | 0.396 (-0.292, 1.084) |
| Household personal consumption expenditure (ref: lowest 20%) | ||||
| Lower 20% | 1.201 (0.699, 2.064) | 0.017 (-0.429, 0.463) | 1.151 (0.680, 1.948) | 0.044 (-0.266, 0.705) |
| Middle 20% | 0.838 (0.789, 1.436) | 0.352 (-0.114, 0.818) | 0.841 (0.497, 1.425) | 0.315 (-0.144, 0.774) |
| Higher 20% | 0.637 (0.380, 1.069) | 0.337 (-0.132, 0.805) | 0.601 (0.362, 0.997)* | 0.387 (-0.075, 0.850) |
| Highest 20% | 0.977 (0.562, 1.697) | 0.556 (0.099, 1.033)* | 0.804 (0.471, 1.370) | 0.460 (-0.004, 0.925) |
| Medical insurance (ref: uninsured) | ||||
| Insured | 1.192 (0.623, 2.281) | 0.477 (-0.105, 1.060) | 1.119 (0.595, 2.104) | 0.536 (-0.041, 1.114) |
| Comorbid status (ref: no comorbidity) | ||||
| 1 comorbidity | 1.079 (0.658, 1.769) | 0.223 (-0.264, 0.709) | 1.204 (0.743, 1.951) | 0.220 (-0.266, 0.705) |
| 2 comorbidities | 1.197 (0.739, 1.941) | 0.832 (0.363, 1.302)* | 1.369 (0.855, 2.193) | 0.766 (0.298, 1.234)* |
| ≥3 comorbidities | 2.374 (1.464, 3.848)* | 0.791 (0.351, 1.232)* | 2.239 (1.411, 3.554)* | 0.794 (0.352, 1.236)* |
*p<0.05.