Table 5. Association between social determinants and TC and OOP in the population with UDM in CHARLS 2011 study.
| Variables | patients with UDM | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TC | OOP payments | |||
| Logistic model, OR (95%CI) | Generalized linear model, β (95%CI) | Logistic model, OR (95%CI) | Generalized linear model, β (95%CI) | |
| Gender (ref: male) | ||||
| Female | 0.804 (0.625, 1.033) | 0.208 (-0.084, 0.499) | 0.785 (0.611, 1.009) | 0.216 (-0.075, 0.506) |
| Age (ref: 45–54 years) | ||||
| 55–64 years | 1.288 (0.944, 1.758) | -0.103 (-0.477, 0.271) | 1.216 (0.891, 1.659) | -0.154 (-0.528, 0.220) |
| 65–74 years | 1.094 (0.752, 1.591) | 0.355 (-0.089, 0.799) | 1.056 (0.726, 1.535) | 0.310 (-0.134, 0.754) |
| ≥ 75 years | 0.995 (0.618, 1.604) | 0.395 (-0.180, 0.969) | 0.926 (0.575, 1.493) | 0.351 (-0.227, 0.929) |
| Rural-urban status (ref: rural) | ||||
| Urban | 1.214 (0.923, 1.598) | -0.372 (-0.694, -0.050)* | 1.181 (0.897, 1.554) | -0.372 (-0.691, -0.053)* |
| Regional location (ref: east) | ||||
| Middle | 0.931 (0.687, 1.262) | -0.082 (-0.455, 0.292) | 0.880 (0.649, 1.194) | -0.049 (-0.421, 0.323) |
| West | 1.336 (0.990, 1.804) | 0.159 (-0.197, 0.514) | 1.260 (0.933, 1.700) | 0.185 (-0.170, 0.539) |
| Highest completed education level (ref: primary school and below) | ||||
| Middle school | 1.158 (0.827, 1.622) | -0.072 (-0.454, 0.310) | 1.088 (0.777, 1.522) | -0.138 (-0.523, 0.247) |
| High school and above | 0.901 (0.576, 1.407) | -0.283 (-0.818, 0.252) | 0.930 (0.596, 1.452) | -0.262 (-0.799, 0.274) |
| Marital status (ref: unmarried/ divorced/ widowed | ||||
| Married | 1.257 (0.863, 1.832) | 0.148 (-0.305, 0.600) | 1.252 (0.859, 1.825) | 0.136 (-0.316, 0.588) |
| Occupation (ref: unemployed) | ||||
| Agricultural work | 0.940 (0.538, 1.643) | -0.355 (-0.986, 0.277) | 0.905 (0.518, 1.580) | -0.432 (-1.053, 0.189) |
| Employed | 0.622 (0.332, 1.165) | -0.122 (-0.854, 0.611) | 0.577 (0.308, 1.081) | -0.167 (-0.892, 0.558) |
| Self-employed | 0.816 (0.409, 1.630) | -0.326 (-1.137, 0.486) | 0.784 (0.393, 1.566) | -0.356 (-1.158, 0.445) |
| Retired | 1.016 (0.522, 1.980) | -0.054 (-0.792, 0.683) | 0.758 (0.390, 1.473) | -0.176 (-0.914, 0.562) |
| Household personal consumption expenditure (ref: lowest 20%) | ||||
| Lower 20% | 0.828 (0.579, 1.184) | 0.511 (0.095, 0.926)* | 0.846 (0.591, 1.210) | 0.468 (0.057, 0.880)* |
| Middle 20% | 0.971 (0.681, 1.383) | 0.593 (0.181, 1.005)* | 0.966 (0.678, 1.377) | 0.563 (0.155, 0.972)* |
| Higher 20% | 0.785 (0.538, 1.145) | 0.638 (0.181, 1.095)* | 0.808 (0.554, 1.178) | 0.524 (0.071, 0.978)* |
| Highest 20% | 0.920 (0.600, 1.410) | 0.885 (0.398, 0.372)* | 0.844 (0.551, 1.293) | 0.775 (0.285, 1.264)* |
| Medical insurance (ref: uninsured) | ||||
| Insured | 1.495 (0.928, 2.410) | 0.012 (-0.602, 0.627) | 1.387 (0.860, 2.237) | 0.084 (-0.520, 0.689) |
| Comorbid status (ref: no comorbidity) | ||||
| 1 comorbidity | 1.883 (1.403, 2.526)* | 0.481 (0.077, 0.885)* | 1.950 (1.450, 2.622)* | 0.322 (-0.085, 0.730) |
| 2 comorbidities | 3.332 (2.360, 4.705)* | 0.981 (0.555, 1.408)* | 3.444 (2.439, 4.861)* | 0.921 (0.493, 1.349)* |
| ≥ 3 comorbidities | 5.782 (3.993, 8.373)* | 1.495 (1.079, 0.911)* | 6.151 (4.252, 8.899)* | 1.392 (0.975, 1.809)* |
*p<0.05.