Table 1.

Cognitive Rehabilitation Studies in Gliomas

	Reference	Study design and intervention	Targeted cognitive domain(s)	Outcome	Sample
Combined cognitive retraining and compensation strategies	Gehring et al, 200947	RCT in lower-grade gliomas	Attention, executive functioning, learning, and memory	At 6 mo: improved attention, verbal memory, and mental fatigue	Total = 140
		Intervention: 2 h weekly for 6 sessions including iPad app			Low-grade glioma = 117
		Control: wait-list			Anaplastic glioma = 23
	van der Linden et al, 201848	Feasibility RCT in postoperative primary brain tumors	Attention, executive functioning, learning, and memory	Feasibility: 54% met feasibility criteria defined as ≥ 80% completion of retraining and compensation strategies	Total = 13
		Intervention: 3 h weekly for 10 sessions using iPad			Low-grade glioma = 4
		Control: wait-list			Meningioma = 7
					Other = 2
	Zucchella et al, 201349	RCT in primary brain tumors postoperatively	Orientation, attention, memory, and executive functioning	At 1 mo: improved verbal memory, visual attention	Total = 53
		Intervention: 4 h weekly for 16 sessions			Low-grade glioma = 7
		Control: usual care without cognitive training			High-grade glioma = 25
					Meningioma = 16
					Other = 5
Compensation strategies	Hassler et al, 201059	Pilot study in glioblastomas and anaplastic gliomas	Perception, concentration, attention, verbal learning and memory, retentiveness, and creativity	At 12 wk: improved verbal learning	Total = 11
		Intervention: 10 group sessions of 90 min of compensation (holistic mnemonic training)			Glioblastoma = 7
					Anaplastic glioma = 4
	Locke et al, 200860	Primary brain tumors undergoing radiation with caregivers	Executive functioning, learning and memory	At 3 mo: 88% patients using strategies at least once per wk	Total = 13
		Intervention: 50 min daily for 6 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation and problem-solving therapy intervention			Glioma = 11
		Control: usual care without cognitive training			Meningioma = 2
	Miotto et al, 201361	Pilot study in untreated primary frontal lobe tumors	Verbal learning and memory, working memory, executive functioning	At 30 min: improved verbal memory	Total = 21
		Intervention: 30 min of strategic semantic organizational training			Glioma = 12
					Meningioma = 9
	Miotto et al, 201462	Pilot study in low-grade glioma of left frontal lobe	Verbal learning and memory	At 30 min: improved verbal memory	Total = 9
		Intervention: 30 min of strategic semantic organizational training			Low-grade glioma = 9
		Control: matched healthy volunteers
	Richard et al, 201957	Pilot RCT in brain tumors	Executive and related attention, memory, and behavioral impairments	At 4 mo: improved HRQOL, executive function, processing speed	Total = 25
		Intervention: 2 h weekly for 8 sessions (GMT or BHP)			Low-grade glioma = 8
		Control: wait-list			High-grade glioma = 6
					Meningioma = 7
					Other = 4
Cognitive retraining	Maschio et al, 201546	Pilot study in brain tumors	Memory, attention, visuospatial functions, language, and reasoning	Immediately and at 6 mo: improved attention, memory, and verbal fluency	Total = 16
		Intervention: 1 h weekly retraining for 10 sessions			Low-grade glioma = 5
					Anaplastic glioma = 4
					Glioblastoma = 2
					Meningioma = 2
					Metastases = 3
	Yang et al, 201458	RCT VR for retraining in brain tumors	Attention, learning, and memory	At 1 mo: improved attention, memory, and visual motor coordination, visual learning, and memory	Total = 38
		Intervention: 1.5 h weekly VR retraining and 1 h weekly computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation for 4 wks			Astrocytoma = 2
		Control: 2.5 h weekly of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation for 4 wk			Glioblastoma = 5
					Meningioma = 10
					Metastasis = 6
					Other = 15

Abbreviations: BHP, Brain Health Program; GMT, Goal Management Training; HRQOL, health related quality of life; RCT, randomized controlled trial; VR, virtual reality.