TABLE 2.
LncRNAs regulating AR.
| LncRNAs (References) | Expression in PCa | Molecular mechanisms | Cancer types | Function in cancer cells |
| ARLNC1 (Zhang et al., 2018) | ↑ | Stabilizes the AR transcript via RNA-RNA interaction | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| GAS5 (Kino et al., 2010; Pickard et al., 2013; Hudson et al., 2014; Luo et al., 2017) | ↓ | Interacts with AR protein and suppresses its transcriptional targets | PCa, breast cancer | Promotes cell apoptosis and decreases viability |
| HOTAIR (Zhang et al., 2015) | ↑ | interacts with AR protein and protects it from degradation | PCa | Promotes cell growth and invasion |
| HOXA11-AS-203 (Schmidt et al., 2020) | – | Interacts with AR protein | Melanoma | - |
| HOXC-AS1 (Takayama et al., 2020) | ↑ | Interacts with U2AF2 and promotes AR mRNA splicing | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| LBCS (Gu et al., 2019) | ↓ | Interacts with hnRNPK and AR mRNA to suppress AR translation | PCa | Suppresses cell growth |
| MALAT1 (Dai et al., 2019) | ↑ | Sponges miR-320b and activates AR signaling | PCa | Promotes cell growth, metastasis and invasion |
| PCAT1 (Guo et al., 2016) | ↑ | Interacts with AR protein and regulates its chromosome binding | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| PCGEM1 (Yang et al., 2013; Hung et al., 2014; Prensner et al., 2014c; Zhang et al., 2016) | ↑ | Interacts with AR protein and enhances its transactivation | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| PlncRNA-1 (Cui et al., 2013; Fang et al., 2016) | ↑ | Sponges miR-34c and miR-297 and protects AR mRNA | PCa | Suppresses apoptosis, promotes cell growth and migration |
| PRKAG2-AS1 (Takayama et al., 2020) | ↑ | Interacts with U2AF2 and promotes AR mRNA splicing | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| PRNCR1 (Yang et al., 2013; Prensner et al., 2014c) | ↑ | Interacts with AR protein and enhances its transactivation | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| SARCC (Zhai et al., 2016, 2017) | – | Interacts with AR protein and destabilizes it | RCC | Suppresses cell growth |
| SLNCR1 (Schmidt et al., 2016, 2020) | – | Interacts with AR protein and regulates its chromosome binding | Melanoma | Promotes melanoma invasion |
| SOCS2-AS1 (Misawa et al., 2016) | ↑ | Interacts with AR protein and regulates its cofactor recruitment | PCa | Promotes cell growth, migration, and suppresses apoptosis |
| SRA (Lanz et al., 1999) | – | Interacts with AR protein and enhances its transactivation | Breast cancer | – |
| YY1BM (Wu et al., 2020) | – | Blocks the interaction between YY1 and AR protein | Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma | Suppresses cell growth |