TABLE 3.
AR regulated ncRNAs.
| ncRNAs (References) | Regulation by AR | Molecular mechanisms | Cancer types | Function in cancer cells |
| miRNAs | Targeted genes | |||
| Let-7d (Ramberg et al., 2011) | ↑ | PBX3 | PCa | – |
| miR-1 (Liu Y. N. et al., 2015; Chen W. Y. et al., 2017) | ↑ | ZBTB46, SRC | PCa | Inhibits metastasis |
| miR-101 and miR-26a (Cao et al., 2010) | ↑ | EZH2 | PCa | Inhibits proliferation and invasiveness |
| miR-125b (Rajabi et al., 2011) | ↑ | MUC1, BAK1 | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| miR-135a (Kroiss et al., 2015) | ↑ | ROCK1, ROCK2 | PCa | Inhibits invasiveness |
| miR-141 (Waltering et al., 2011) | ↑ | - | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| miR-148a (Fujita et al., 2010; Murata et al., 2010) | ↑ | CAND1 (Murata et al., 2010), MSK1 (Fujita et al., 2010) | PCa | Promotes LNCaP cell growth (Murata et al., 2010), Suppresses PC3 cell growth, and invasiveness (Fujita et al., 2010) |
| miR-185-5p (Huang Q. et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2019) | ↑ | CSF-1, VEGFC, HIF2α | RCC | Increases RCC cell metastases to lung and liver, while suppresses the lymph nodes metastases |
| miR-193a-3p (Jia et al., 2017) | ↑ | AJUBA | PCa | Promotes cell migration |
| miR-21 (Ribas et al., 2009; Mishra et al., 2014) | ↑ | TGFBR2 | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| miR-216a (Chen et al., 2012) | ↑ | TSLC1 | HCC | Promotes cell growth and migration |
| miR-22, miR-29a, and miR-17-92 cluster (Pasqualini et al., 2015) | ↑ | LAMC1, MCL1 | PCa | Deceases cell viability and migration |
| miR-29 (Takayama et al., 2015) | ↑ | TET2 | PCa | Promotes cell growth and migration |
| miR-31 (Lin et al., 2013) | ↓ | AR | PCa | Suppresses cell growth |
| miR-32 and miR-148a (Jalava et al., 2012) | ↑ | BTG2, PIK3IP1 | PCa | Reduces apoptosis or promotes cell growth |
| miR-99a/let7c/125b-2 cluster (Sun et al., 2014) | ↓ | IGF1R | PCa | Suppresses cell growth |
| miR-421 (Ostling et al., 2011; Meng et al., 2016) | ↓ | AR (Ostling et al., 2011), NRAS, PRAME, CUL4B, and PFKFB2 (Meng et al., 2016) | PCa | Suppresses cell growth, induces cell cycle arrest, reduces glycolysis, and inhibits migration |
| lncRNAs | ||||
| ARNILA (Yang et al., 2018) | ↓ | Sponges miR-204 to facilitate Sox4 expression | Breast cancer | Promotes migration, invasion and EMT |
| AR-Associated lincRNAs (daSilva et al., 2018) | ↑ | Scaffolds AR-dependent looping complex | PCa | – |
| CTBP1-AS (Takayama et al., 2013) | ↑ | Represses CTBP1 by recruiting PSF together with histone deacetylases | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| DANCR (Jia et al., 2016) | ↓ | Represses TIMP2/3 expression by mediating the binding of EZH2 on their promoters | PCa | Promotes cell invasion and metastasis |
| DRAIC (Sakurai et al., 2015) | ↓ | - | PCa | Suppresses cell migration and invasion |
| KLK3e (Hsieh et al., 2014) | ↑ | Scaffolds AR-dependent looping complex | PCa | Promotes cell growth |
| Linc00304 (Zhang et al., 2019) | ↓ | Promotes CCNA1 expression | PCa | Promote cell growth and cell cycle progression |
| Linc00844 (Lingadahalli et al., 2018) | ↑ | Indirectly modulates AR binding to chromatin | PCa | Suppresses cell migration and invasion |
| Linc01503 (He et al., 2020) | ↑ | Recruits SFPQ and activates FOSL1 | Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) | Promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion |
| LncRNA-p21 (Luo et al., 2019b) | ↓ | Interacts with EZH2 and enhances STAT3 methylation | PCa | Promotes ENZ induced neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) |
| PCAT18 (Crea et al., 2014) | ↑ | – | PCa | Promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion |
| PCAT29 (Malik et al., 2014; Sakurai et al., 2015) | ↓ | – | PCa | Suppresses cell migration and invasion |
| POTEF-AS1 (Misawa et al., 2017) | ↑ | Represses Toll-like receptor signaling | PCa | Promotes cell growth and suppresses apoptosis |
| SOCS2-AS1 (Misawa et al., 2016) | ↑ | Interacts with AR protein and regulates its cofactor recruitment | PCa | Promotes cell growth and suppresses apoptosis |
| TMPO-AS1 (Huang et al., 2018) | ↓ | – | PCa | Promotes cell growth and migration |
| circRNAs | ||||
| circAR3 (Luo et al., 2019a) | ↓ | Encoded by AR gene | PCa | No effect on cell growth and invasion |
| AR-circRNAs (Cao et al., 2019) | ↓ | Encoded by AR gene | PCa | – |
| circHIAT1 (Wang k. et al., 2017) | ↓ | Stabilizes miR-195-5p/29a-3p/29c-3p | ccRCC | Suppresses cell migration and invasion |
| circRNA7 (Bao S. et al., 2020) | ↓ | Sponges miR-7-5p and increases VE-cadherin and Notch4 | HCC | Promotes vasculogenic mimicry formation |
| circZMIZ1 (Jiang et al., 2020) | ↑ | Increases expression of AR and AR-V7 | PCa | Promote cell growth and cell cycle progression |