Table 1.
Patient and healthcare characteristics pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19
| Pre-COVID-19 | During COVID-19 | Standardised difference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 16 068 (68.2) | 7498 (31.8) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 81 (71–88) | 81 (71–88) | 0.015 |
| Female, n (%) | 10 674 (66.4) | 4936 (68.5) | 0.013 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.060 | ||
| Black | 704 (4.4) | 365 (4.8) | |
| White | 14 145 (88) | 6562 (87.5) | |
| Other | 1219 (7.6) | 573 (7.6) | |
| Deyo index, n (%) | 0.050 | ||
| 0 | 6826 (42.5) | 2994 (39.9) | |
| 1 | 2071 (12.9) | 972 (13.0) | |
| 2 | 4190 (26.1) | 2093 (27.9) | |
| 3+ | 2981 (18.6) | 1439 (19.2) | |
| Source of admission, n (%) | 0.114 | ||
| Clinic | 838 (5.2) | 558 (7.4) | |
| Transfer from other health facility | 2767 (17.2) | 1340 (17.9) | |
| Non-healthcare | 12 356 (76.9) | 5562 (74.2) | |
| Others | 107 (0.7) | 38 (0.5) | |
| Admission type, n (%) | 0.036 | ||
| Elective | 1461 (9.1) | 615 (8.2) | |
| Emergent/urgent/trauma | 14 489 (90.2) | 6840 (91.2) | |
| Others | 118 (0.7) | 43 (0.6) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.076 | ||
| Commercial | 1162 (7.2) | 493 (6.6) | |
| Medicaid | 552 (3.4) | 313 (4.2) | |
| Medicare | 13 681 (85.1) | 6362 (84.8) | |
| Uninsured | 240 (1.5) | 88 (1.2) | |
| Unknown | 433 (2.7) | 242 (3.2) | |
| Fracture location, n (%) | 0.043 | ||
| Multiple | 1112 (6.9) | 524 (7.0) | |
| Neck | 7839 (48.8) | 3516 (46.9) | |
| Pertrochanteric | 6468 (40.3) | 3149 (42.0) | |
| Subtrochanteric | 649 (4.0) | 309 (4.1) | |
| Procedure, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
| Non-surgical | 2827 (17.6) | 1330 (17.7) | |
| Internal fixation | 8273 (51.5) | 3848 (51.3) | |
| Total hip arthroplasty | 1093 (6.8) | 509 (6.8) | |
| Hemiarthroplasty | 3875 (24.1) | 1811 (24.2) | |
| Urban/rural hospital, n (%) | 0.038 | ||
| Urban | 13 623 (84.8) | 6252 (83.4) | |
| Rural | 2445 (15.2) | 1246 (16.6) | |
| Teaching hospital, n (%) | 7052 (43.9) | 3701 (49.4) | 0.110 |
| Bed group, n (%) | 0.063 | ||
| 0–300 beds | 6450 (40.1) | 2737 (36.5) | |
| 300–500 beds | 4601 (28.6) | 2354 (31.4) | |
| 500+ beds | 5017 (31.2) | 2407 (32.1) | |
| Hospital region, n (%) | 0.096 | ||
| Midwest | 3755 (23.4) | 1697 (22.6) | |
| Northeast | 2619 (16.3) | 1248 (16.6) | |
| South | 7687 (47.8) | 3745 (49.9) | |
| West | 2007 (12.5) | 808 (10.8) |
IQR, inter-quartile range.