Table III.
Sample characteristics and volume of specific corticosteroid use among inpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the Cerner Real-World Data coronavirus disease dataset.*
| Characteristic | Total patients (N = 51,169) | Dexamethasone (n = 14,456) | Methylprednisolone (n = 15,964) | Prednisolone (n = 1704) | Prednisone (n = 12,650) | Hydrocortisone (n = 6239) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 24,860 (48.6) | 6566 (45.4) | 7607 (47.7) | 876 (51.4) | 5608 (44.3) | 2770 (44.4) |
| Female | 26,218 (51.2) | 7861 (54.4) | 8328 (52.2) | 820 (48.1) | 7021 (55.5) | 3456 (55.4) |
| Other | 91 (0.2) | 29 (0.2) | 29 (0.2) | 8 (0.5) | 21 (0.2) | 13 (0.2) |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 28,544 (55.8) | 8752 (60.5) | 9769 (61.2) | 934 (54.8) | 7908 (62.5) | 3643 (58.4) |
| Black/African American | 10,429 (20.4) | 2731 (18.9) | 2975 (18.7) | 379 (22.2) | 2546 (20.1) | 1197 (19.2) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1532 (3.0) | 374 (2.6) | 437 (2.8) | 43 (2.6) | 314 (2.5) | 178 (2.9) |
| Alaskan Native/American Indian | 1114 (2.2) | 269 (1.9) | 266 (1.7) | 37 (2.2) | 159 (1.3) | 125 (2.0) |
| Other | 6949 (13.6) | 1762 (12.2) | 1836 (11.5) | 223 (13.1) | 1290 (10.2) | 797 (12.8) |
| Unknown | 2563 (5.0) | 562 (3.9) | 669 (4.2) | 82 (4.8) | 425 (3.4) | 291 (4.7) |
| Mixed | 38 (0.1) | 6 (0.0) | 12 (0.1) | 6 (0.4) | 8 (0.1) | 8 (0.1) |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic | 33,228 (64.9) | 9372 (64.8) | 10,519 (65.9) | 1007 (59.1) | 9082 (71.8) | 4056 (65) |
| Hispanic | 12,770 (25.0) | 3931 (27.2) | 4063 (25.5) | 461 (27.1) | 2746 (21.7) | 1470 (23.6) |
| Other | 5171 (10.1) | 1153 (8) | 1382 (8.7) | 236 (13.8) | 822 (6.5) | 713 (11.4) |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <18 | 4670 (9.1) | 1346 (9.3) | 737 (4.6) | 778 (45.7) | 318 (2.5) | 735 (11.8) |
| 18-25 | 2438 (4.8) | 627 (4.3) | 439 (2.7) | 37 (2.2) | 450 (3.6) | 318 (5.1) |
| 26-35 | 4451 (8.7) | 1283 (8.9) | 955 (6) | 47 (2.8) | 977 (7.7) | 640 (10.3) |
| 36-45 | 4378 (8.6) | 1421 (9.8) | 1264 (7.9) | 66 (3.9) | 1108 (8.8) | 479 (7.7) |
| 46-55 | 6649 (13.0) | 2067 (14.3) | 2238 (14) | 119 (7) | 1807 (14.3) | 696 (11.2) |
| 56-65 | 9039 (17.7) | 2742 (19) | 3356 (21) | 190 (11.2) | 2678 (21.2) | 1094 (17.5) |
| 66-75 | 8551 (16.7) | 2468 (17.1) | 3223 (20.2) | 221 (13) | 2454 (19.4) | 1026 (16.4) |
| 76-85 | 6968 (13.6) | 1729 (12) | 2534 (15.9) | 182 (10.7) | 1937 (15.3) | 842 (13.5) |
| ≥86 | 4025 (7.9) | 773 (5.3) | 1218 (7.6) | 64 (3.8) | 921 (7.3) | 409 (6.6) |
| Payer status | ||||||
| Medicare | 14,528 (28.4) | 3957 (27.4) | 5296 (33.2) | 380 (22.3) | 4047 (32.0) | 1817 (29.1) |
| Medicaid | 8681 (17.0) | 2442 (16.9) | 2298 (14.4) | 388 (22.8) | 1744 (13.8) | 938 (15) |
| Private (HMO, PPO) | 12,785 (25.0) | 3998 (27.7) | 4082 (25.6) | 389 (22.8) | 2981 (23.6) | 1630 (26.1) |
| Self-pay (POS) | 2126 (4.2) | 527 (3.6) | 484 (3) | 41 (2.4) | 478 (3.8) | 105 (1.7) |
| Other government (VA, Tricare) | 912 (1.8) | 218 (1.5) | 232 (1.5) | 18 (1.1) | 187 (1.5) | 85 (1.4) |
| Other nongovernment | 439 (0.9) | 81 (0.6) | 119 (0.7) | 4 (0.2) | 78 (0.6) | 34 (0.5) |
| Charity | 218 (0.4) | 72 (0.5) | 69 (0.4) | 2 (0.1) | 37 (0.3) | 9 (0.1) |
| Foreign national | 38 (0.1) | 26 (0.2) | 15 (0.1) | 9 (0.5) | 3 (0.0) | 22 (0.4) |
| Workers compensation | 127 (0.2) | 46 (0.3) | 37 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 14 (0.1) | 13 (0.2) |
| No insurance | 11,315 (22.1) | 3089 (21.4) | 3332 (20.9) | 473 (27.8) | 3081 (24.4) | 1586 (25.4) |
| US region† | ||||||
| 0 (Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey) | 8332 (16.3) | 1826 (12.6) | 2401 (15) | 292 (17.1) | 1771 (14) | 958 (15.4) |
| 1 (New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware) | 4242 (8.3) | 913 (6.3) | 1335 (8.4) | 90 (5.3) | 1053 (8.3) | 532 (8.5) |
| 2 (Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina) | 7380 (14.4) | 1810 (12.5) | 1719 (10.8) | 224 (13.1) | 1622 (12.8) | 857 (13.7) |
| 3 (Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, and Florida) | 8117 (15.9) | 2478 (17.1) | 3190 (20) | 265 (15.6) | 2059 (16.3) | 1071 (17.2) |
| 4 (Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky) | 3400 (6.6) | 797 (5.5) | 991 (6.2) | 65 (3.8) | 991 (7.8) | 348 (5.6) |
| 5 (Montana, South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin) | 354 (0.7) | 130 (0.9) | 139 (0.9) | 17 (1.0) | 143 (1.1) | 51 (0.8) |
| 6 (Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois) | 2530 (4.9) | 945 (6.5) | 863 (5.4) | 194 (11.4) | 850 (6.7) | 454 (7.3) |
| 7 (Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana) | 3350 (6.5) | 1256 (8.7) | 1168 (7.3) | 182 (10.7) | 832 (6.6) | 332 (5.3) |
| 8 (Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada) | 4745 (9.3) | 1586 (11) | 1541 (9.7) | 114 (6.7) | 1081 (8.5) | 469 (7.5) |
| 9 (Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, and Hawaii) | 8488 (16.6) | 2674 (18.5) | 2617 (16.4) | 255 (15) | 2211 (17.5) | 1146 (18.4) |
| Not reported | 231 (0.5) | 41 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (0.4) | 37 (0.3) | 21 (0.3) |
HMO = health maintenance organization; POS = point of service; PPO = preferred provider organization; VA = Veterans Affairs.
⁎
Data are the number (percentage) of medication users who were in each demographic category (ie, the proportion of non-Hispanic patients who used dexamethasone).
†
Regions determined according to the first number of patient's zip code.