Table 3.
Characteristics of the original articles
| Author (year) | Study site | Climate exposure | Health effect | Outcome measures | Adaptations | Recommendations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Original research articles | ||||||
| Bambrick H. et al. (2015) |
Shashemene (Ethiopia) | Climate change(not specified) | Indirect effects: Food insecurity and malnutrition CDS: Changes to infectious disease transmission e.g. diarrhea, typhoid, and malaria | Identification of climate-sensitive health conditions and the local hazards that may affect the informal urban communities | * Improved sanitation and water supply * Vaccination |
Research:
|
| Contreras C. et al. (2018) |
Lima (Peru) | Flooding | Indirect effects: Mental Health: depression and domestic violence | Prevalence of depression and domestic violence. Persons accepting the accompaniment to government services | Elements of the intervention (1) screening for depression and domestic violence, (2) children’s activities to strengthen social and emotional skills and diminish stress, (3) participatory theater activities to support conflict resolution and community resilience, and (4) community health worker (CHW) accompaniment to government health services. |
N/A |
| Egondi T. et al. (2015) |
Nairobi (Kenya) |
Temperature variation, heat waves, and cold spells | Direct effect: Years of Life Lost | Association of temperature and Years of Life Lost | * Improvement of housing conditions and building standards * Create awareness of the dangers of extreme temperatures |
Research: Individual level studies to establish vulnerable groups and help in designing adaptive strategies. |
| Egondi T. et al. (2012) |
Nairobi (Kenya) |
Temperature and rainfall | Direct effects: Mortality | Association of temperature, rainfall, and mortality | * Proper housing and clothing | Research: Epidemiologic studies that incorporate archived climatological and environmental data in modeling specific health outcomes in vulnerable populations |
| Khan M. et al. (2014) |
Dhaka(Bangladesh) | Flooding | Indirect effects: Poor mental well-being, malnutrition CDS: diarrhea and gastric disease NCD: High blood pressure, diabetes, heart disease | Affected by flood/stagnant water. Health problems. Urban/rural impact |
* Hand washing with soap, proper disposal of fecal material, and the use of modern toilets | Policy: Availability of essential equipment e.g. power generators and water pumps Allocation of alternative less vulnerable settlement areas |
| Knowlton K. et al. (2014) |
Ahmedabad (India) |
Heat waves | N/A | N/A | * Community outreach to build public awareness* Early warning systems and weather forecasting *Capacity building among health care professionals | Policy: A seven-phase model described in the article can be used as a template for developing other adaptation projects for extreme weather events in lower-resource settings |
| Toan D. et al. (2014) |
Hanoi (Vietnam) |
Climate change (not specified) |
Illness (not specified) CDS: Emerging diseases (dengue, Japanese encephalitis) | Perceptions and knowledge of climate change and health. Perceived illness among family members | N/A | Policy: Make use of community groups as climate change communication channels Research: Studies where perceptions are checked against real health data could provide more precision |
| Tran K. et al. (2013) |
Ahmedabad (India) |
Extreme heat | Direct effects: Heat-related symptoms, Heat-related illness | Self-reported heat-related illness and heat-related symptoms at the individual level | * Inform people about the dangers of extreme heat * Capacity building among health care professionals and CHW |
Research: Future research should assess exposure-outcome associations and focus on intervention implementation and evaluation |
| Vellingiri S. et al. (2020) |
Ahmedabad (India) |
Temperature | Direct effect: Heat-related illness | Temperatures in intervention and nonintervention homes | Selected cool roof technologies can reduce indoor temperatures | Research: Future studies with larger sample sizes and better research designs |
| Reviews, Commentaries, View-Points, and Editorials | ||||||
| Corburn J. et al. (2017) |
N/A | Climate change (not specified) |
Health (not specified) | Health benefits of slum upgrading | Improved flood control by upgrading of infrastructure and housing | Policy: Having a supportive state policy framework can enhance long-term impacts from slum upgrading upon population health |
| Munslow B. et al. (2010) |
Asia | Climate change (various) |
Health (not specified) | N/A | * Early warning systems * Disaster preparedness |
Policy: Creation of multi stakeholder partnerships |
| Scovronick N. et al. (2015) |
N/A | Climate change (various) |
Health (various) | N/A | * Land access and provision of infrastructure * Ecosystem protection |
Research: The article provides an overview of study designs that have been used for research in informal settlements and only require moderate data inputs Lack of data might hinder future research |
| Sverdlik A. (2011) |
N/A | Climate change (various) |
Health (various) | N/A | * Improvement of housing conditions and building standards | Policy: Low-income groups may require special assistanceResearch: Evaluate the pathways between climate change and NCDs |
| Commentaries and editorials | ||||||
| Patrick R. et al. (2016) |
N/A | Climate change (various) |
Health (various) | N/A | * Urban food production to reduce heat, food insecurity and GHE | Policy: Promoting citizen participation in decisions about the future of the global food system |
| Ramin B. (2009) |
Africa | Climate change (various) |
Health (various) | N/A | N/A | Policy:
|
*Suggested/proposed adaptation strategy, not investigated in the article