Table 4. Predictors of depression among waiters.
| Variable | Depression level | COR(95%CI)p-value | AOR(95%CI)p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depressed n(%) | Normal n(%) | |||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 36(30.8) | 81(69.2) | Ref | Ref |
| Female | 111(41.6) | 156(58.4) | 1.60(1.01–2.54)0.046* | 1.69(1.02–2.79)0.041* |
| Age (in completed years) | ||||
| <20 | 35(63.6) | 20(36.4) | ||
| 20–24 | 114(50.9) | 110(49.1) | 1.03(0.35–3.02)0.952 | |
| 25–29 | 44(50.6) | 43(49.4) | 1.31(0.50–3.44)0.586 | |
| 30+ | 8(44.4) | 10(55.6) | 1.52(0.54–4.26)0.425 | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 109(40.4) | 161(59.6) | Ref | |
| Married | 38(33.3) | 76(66.7) | 0.74(0.47–1.17)0.196 | |
| Religion | ||||
| Christian | 127(39.8) | 192(60.2) | Ref | |
| Muslim | 20(30.8) | 45(69.2) | 0.67(0.38–1.19)0.173 | |
| Highest Educational level | ||||
| JHS/JSS | 9(33.3) | 18(66.7) | Ref | |
| SHS/SSS/A’level/O’level | 102(37.4) | 174(62.6) | 1.51(0.61–3.78)0.377 | |
| Tertiary | 34(43.0) | 45(57.0) | 1.26(0.76–2.10)0.365 | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Akan | 75(40.5) | 110(59.5) | Ref | Ref |
| Mole-Dagbani | 9(25.0) | 27(75.0) | 1.58(0.70–3.55)0.269 | 1.05(0.43–2.55)0.918 |
| Ewe | 25(33.8) | 49(66.2) | 3.23(1.11–9.39)0.031* | 2.68(0.85–8.50)0.093 |
| Ga-Dangme | 24(38.7) | 38(61.3) | 2.11(0.86–5.17)0.102 | 1.50(0.57–3.98)0.412 |
| Other | 14(51.9) | 13(48.1) | 1.71(0.69–4.24)0.251 | 1.02(0.37–2.78)0.975 |
| Years working as a waiter | ||||
| < 1 year | 43(36.1) | 76(63.9) | Ref | |
| 1–5 years | 85(38.6) | 135(61.4) | 1.77(0.42–7.43)0.437 | |
| 6–10 years | 15(40.5) | 22(59.5) | 1.59(0.39–6.52)0.521 | |
| >10 years | 4(50.0) | 4(50.0) | 1.47(0.32–6.80)0.624 | |
| Years working in current facility | ||||
| < 1 year | 59(36.2) | 104(63.8) | Ref | |
| 1–5 years | 80(38.3) | 129(61.7) | 1.76(0.11–28.70)0.690 | |
| 6–10 years | 7(70.0) | 3(30.0) | 1.61(0.10–26.14)0.737 | |
| >10 years | 1(50.0) | 1(50.0) | 0.43(0.02–9.36)0.590 | |
| Role at restaurant | ||||
| Headwaiter | 45(39.1) | 70(60.9) | Ref | |
| Station waiter | 94(38.8) | 148(61.2) | 0.66(0.26–1.62)0.360 | |
| Supervisor | 8(29.6) | 19(70.4) | 0.66(0.28–1.58)0.352 | |
| Positive of career success | ||||
| No | 44(37.3) | 74(62.7) | Ref | |
| Yes | 103(38.7) | 163(61.3) | 1.06(0.68–1.66)0.790 | |
| Potential of extended work | ||||
| No | 85(39.5) | 130(60.5) | Ref | |
| Yes | 62(36.7) | 107(63.3) | 0.89(0.59–1.34)0.569 | |
| Foresee better remuneration | ||||
| No | 68(27.9) | 176(72.1) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 79(56.4) | 61(43.6) | 3.35(2.17–5.18)<0.001*** | 3.09(1.95–4.87)<0.001*** |
| Anticipate an advantage for higher roles/position | ||||
| No | 45(37.5) | 75(62.5) | Ref | |
| Yes | 102(38.6) | 162(61.4) | 1.05(0.67–1.64)0.832 | |
| Caffeine consumption | ||||
| No | 64(31.2) | 141(68.8) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 83(46.4) | 96(53.6) | 1.91(1.26–2.89)0.002** | 1.44(0.90–2.32)0.130 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No | 120(38.7) | 190(61.3) | Ref | |
| Yes | 27(36.5) | 47(63.5) | 0.91(0.54–1.54)0.724 | |
| Cigarette smoking | ||||
| No | 140(37.5) | 233(62.5) | Ref | |
| Yes | 7(63.6) | 4(36.4) | 2.91(0.84–10.13)0.093 | |
| Marijuana use | ||||
| No | 142(37.6) | 236(62.4) | Ref | |
| Yes | 5(83.3) | 1(16.7) | 8.31(0.96–71.85)0.054 | |
| Non-prescription drug use | ||||
| No | 62(28.4) | 156(71.6) | Ref | Ref |
| Yes | 85(51.2) | 81(48.8) | 2.64(1.73–4.03)<0.001*** | 2.22(1.39–3.55)0.001** |
*p<0.05
**p<0.01
***p<0.001 COR-Crude Odds Ratio AOR-Adjusted Odds Ratio