Table 1.
NNs studies-research study designs and outcomes.
| Study | Subjects | Age at baseline | Duration of follow up | NNS Intervention | Outcomes measured | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pediatric studies | ||||||
| Berkey et al. (20) | 16771 children | 9-14 yr | 2 yr | NNS soda, servings, FFQ | BMI | Positive association of NNS and BMI gain in boys but not girls |
| Blum et al. (21) | 166 children | 8-9 yr | 2 yr | NNS soda, 24 hr diet recall | BMI z-score, weight | Positive association of NNS intake and BMI z-score change |
| De Ruyter et al. (28) | 641 children | 5-12 yr | 18 months | NNS soda, 1 can per day, compare to sugar sweetened beverages (SSB) | BMI z-score, weight, height ratio, fat mass, sum of skinfolds, waist circumference, % body fat | Reduced weight gain and fat accumulation with NNs vs. SSB |
| Ebbling et al. (23) | 244 overweight and obese adolescents | 14-16 yr | 2 years | NNS beverage compared to sugar sweetened beverage | Change in BMI, weight | Small Increse in BMI at 1 year |
| Forshee et al. (19) | 3311 children and adolescent | 6-19 yr | NNS soda and NNS juice, g/day, survey | BMI | Positive association between NNs consumption and BMI | |
| Laverty et al. (22) | 13170 children | 7-11 yr | NNS, serving/week caregiver reporting | BMI, % body fat | Higher BMI and % body fat with daily NNS consumption | |
| Ludwig et al. (5) | 548 children | 11.7 ± 0.8 yr | 19 months | NNS soda, servings/day, FFQ | BMI, overweight or obesity | No association of baseline NNS intake and change in BMI or incident overweight/obesity |
| Williams et al. (29) | 32 overweight girls | 10-16 yr | 12 weeks | Calorie restricted diet with NNS soda offered, 24 hr diet recall | BMI, weight, blood pressure | No difference between groups |
| Animal studies | ||||||
| Swithers et al. (16) | Sprague-Dawley male rats | 5 weeks | Saccharin-sweetend yogurt | Weight, adiposity, total energy intake | Saccharin consumption increased weight gain, higher adiposity and increased total energy intake | |
| Abou-Donia et al. (35) | Sprague-Dawley male rats | 12 weeks | Sucnalose | Gut microbiota, fasting blood glucose | Reduction in beneficial fecal microbiota (bifidobacteriacea), higher fasting glucose | |
| Suez et al. (37) | C57BW5mice | 11 weeks | Saccharin | Gut microbiota | Increased bacteroides and Clostridalies decreased Lactobacili | |
| Palmnas et al. (18) | Sprague-Dawley Male rats |
8 weeks | Chow diet or high fat diet with aspartame (5-7 mg/kg/d in drinking water) | Gut microbiota, body fat, total calorie intake, fasting blood glucose, insulin tolerance test | Rats exposed aspartame consumed fewer calories, less weight gain but elevated fasting blood glucose and impaired insulin tolerance test, increased Firmicutes Bacteroidetes ratio in aspartame group and elevated short chain fatty acid propionate. |