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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019 Dec 13;108:732–748. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.013

Figure 4. Circuit-specific use of optogenetics and DREADDs.

Figure 4.

(A) An example of the use of optogenetics to selectively interrogate neurons projecting in a specific circuit. Here, an anterograde optogenetic virus (e.g. AAV1-ChR2) is injected into brain region “A” and the terminals are optically stimulated with an optical fiber implanted into efferent region “B” to selectively activate neurons projecting from A to B. (B) An example of the use of DIO-DREADDs to selectively interrogate a neural circuit. An anterograde DIO-DREADD is injected into region A and a retrograde Cre virus is injected into efferent region B. As the DIO-DREADD is inactive in the absence of Cre, only cells that receive both viruses will express DREADDS and will respond to systemic injection of CNO.