Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Latent Classes Among Older Adults with Mild-Moderate Frailty (n=1821)
| Characteristics | Class 1 831 (45.6%)a |
Class 2 734 (40.3%)a |
Class 3 256 (14.1%)a |
P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frailty Index, Mean (SEb) | 0.30 (0.002) | 0.32 (0.002) | 0.34 (0.003) | <.001 |
| NHATS dementia classification domain scores, Mean (SE) | ||||
| Orientationc | 6.28(0.07) | 5.81(0.08) | 4.96(0.13) | <.001 |
| Memoryd | 8.64(0.13) | 7.31(0.14) | 5.50(0.21) | <.001 |
| Executive functione | 3.67(0.03) | 3.33(0.05) | 2.91(0.09) | <.001 |
| Comorbidity index | ||||
| Mean (SE) | 3.56(0.04) | 2.85(0.04) | 2.39(0.08) | <.001 |
| SPPBf | ||||
| Mean (SE) | 9.93(0.05) | 6.16(0.05) | 1.99(0.10) | <.001 |
| Age group | ||||
| 65–74 | 370(56.0) | 199(37.1) | 46(24.4) | <.001 |
| 75–79 | 190(21.7) | 157(23.4) | 45(21.6) | |
| 80–84 | 166(14.6) | 212(23.6) | 73(26.0) | |
| 85–89 | 78(6.2) | 111(11.7) | 45(16.7) | |
| 90 + | 27(1.5) | 55(4.1) | 47(11.3) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 379(45.4) | 262(36.2) | 87(34.3) | <.001 |
| Female | 452(54.6) | 472(63.8) | 169(65.7) | |
| Race/Ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 622(83.1) | 498(80.2) | 157(73.8) | 0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 131(5.6) | 176(9.3) | 69(11.9) | |
| Other | 78(11.3) | 60(10.5) | 30(14.2) | |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| High School or less | 486(57.7) | 513(67.7) | 178(66.8) | <.001 |
| Some college or more | 344(42.3) | 220(32.3) | 77(33.2) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/Partner | 538(68.9) | 346(51.4) | 84(38.2) | <.001 |
| Separated/Divorced | 66(8.1) | 98(13.1) | 24(10.8) | |
| Other (Widowed, never married) | 227(23.0) | 290(35.6) | 148(51.0) | |
| Annual household income | ||||
| <= $13,200 | 152(16.1) | 203(24.5) | 100(36.3) | <.001 |
| >$13,200-$44,999 | 410(48.9) | 374(51.4) | 113(43.2) | |
| >=$45,000 | 269(35.0) | 157(24.1) | 43(20.5) | |
| Social Isolation | ||||
| Isolated | 255(30.8) | 288(38.9) | 124(43.9) | <.001 |
| Integrated | 576(69.2) | 446(61.1) | 132(56.1) | |
| Region of residence | ||||
| Northeast | 149(18.5) | 145(21.8) | 55(22.3) | 0.037 |
| Midwest | 184(22.5) | 184(23.3) | 68(27.3) | |
| South | 319(37.3) | 288(38.5) | 92(34.0) | |
| West | 179(21.7) | 117(16.3) | 41(16.5) | |
| Self-reported diagnosis | ||||
| Hypertension | 684(81.8) | 552(73.6) | 177(64.9) | <.001 |
| Arthritis | 587(72.1) | 498(68.1) | 145(55.5) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 309(37.0) | 204(29.2) | 71(29.4) | 0.006 |
| Dementia | 26(2.6) | 18(2.2) | -- | 0.782 |
| Cancer | 325(38.6) | 198(28.1) | 45(19.0) | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 222(25.9) | 112(14.4) | 42(15.9) | <.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 229(29.4) | 155(23.4) | 46(18.4) | 0.001 |
| Heart disease | 261(31.0) | 137(18.9) | 39(15.0) | <.001 |
| Lung disease | 198(25.4) | 108(15.5) | 29(11.2) | <.001 |
| Stroke | 112(12.9) | 86(11.7) | 19(7.3) | 0.079 |
Note. All proportions are weighed to reflect national estimates. – indicates cell size smaller than allowable by NHATS
a
n(%) out of n=1821; Class 1: multimorbid, yet functional; Class 2: cognitively impaired; Class 3: cognitively and physically impaired;
b
SE=sampling scheme adjusted standard error;
c
Orientation: range 0–8, lower scores indicate higher impairment;
d
Memory: range 0–20, lower scores indicate higher impairment;
e
Executive function: range 0–5, lower scores indicate higher impairment;
f
SBBP=Short Physical Performance Battery: range 0–12, lower scores indicate higher impairment