Figure.

30-year-old healthy non-smoker, myocardial contract echocardiography shows increase in septal myocardium perfusion (A); in a 33-year-old apparently healthy e-cigarette user, post-stress perfusion is blunted, indicating impaired endothelial-dependent vasodilation (B). Across our study sample (C), blunted post-stress myocardial blood flow in e-cigarette users was comparable to that seen in conventional cigarette users, driven more by attenuated myocardial flux rate than blood volume response (for details, see biodatacore.org\projects\circres2020).