Figure 4.

Metallic nanomaterials are incorporated onto neural interface electrodes to improve functionality and stability. a-c) Gold nanopillars are fabricated on MEAs. A cross-section of an HL-1 cell grown on the gold nanopillar array illustrates contact between electrodes and cell membrane, with gaps between the cell membrane and electrode less than 100 nm. Reproduced with permission.^[81] Copyright 2011, IOP Publishing. d,e) Schematic for the nanowire geometry and structure for gallium-phosphide nanowire array on MEA. Reproduced with permission.^[235] Copyright 2013, Public Library of Science. f) AuNPs are deposited on a Pt electrode and functionalized with a self-assembled monolayer. Reproduced with permission.^[79] Copyright 2012, Royal Society of Chemistry. h,k) Silver nanowire electrodes are fabricated using photolithography. Reproduced with permission.^[86] Copyright 2014, American Chemical Society. i) Micrographs of nanoporous Au-Pt electrodes, which exhibited high neuron coverage (inset, red) and reduced astrocyte coverage (inset, green). Reproduced with permission.^[85] Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. j) Microelectrodes are coated in AuNP-CNT composite. Reproduced with permission.^[84] Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society.