a, Gene scatterplots for astrocyte-specific markers in dataset representing control individuals and patients with MS compiled using data from Schirmer et al.20, Jäkel et al.17, Lake et al.40, and this study. n = 28 controls, n = 20 patients. n = 9,673 cells. b, Principal component analysis of all cells and astrocytes in each study. Number of cells analysed: Schirmer et al.20: 48,919 (all), 5,831 (astrocytes); Jäkel et al.17: 17,799 (all), 1,422 (astrocytes); this study: 43,670 cells (all), 2,332 (astrocytes). c, Principal components used in this study. d, Fraction occupation by cluster by patient. e, tSNE plot by condition and study (n = 9,673 cells). f, Analysis of IL-1β/TNF signalling in cluster 1 astrocytes from n = 28 controls and n = 20 patients with MS from the four studies. g, Canonical correlation analysis of mouse (Fig. 1, B6 EAE) and human (Fig. 6) astrocyte clusters and IPA analysis.