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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2020 Nov 11:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002144. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002144

Table 1.

Demographic and Participant Characteristics by Pain and Fatigue Responders at one-month follow-up (Visit 3) using Intention-to-treat for the active-TENS group

Pain Fatigue

Responder (≥30%)
n=45
Non-responder
n=58
p-value Responder (≥20%)
n=46
Non-responder
n=57
p-value

Age mean (SD) 41.8 (16.4) 47.0 (12.2) 0.078 45.9 (14.7) 43.8 (14.1) 0.45

Marital status (n=55) (n=54)
  Married/with partner 16 (36%) 17 (31%) 0.62 22 (48%) 11 (20%) 0.004
  Single/widowed/divorced 29 (64%) 38 (69%) 24 (52%) 43 (80%)

Education level
  High school or less 6 (13%) 10 (17%) 0.80 8 (17%) 8 (14%) 0.32
  Some college/ Vocational/Technical 21 (47%) 24 (41%) 22 (48%) 23 (40%)
  College degree 11 (24%) 14 (24%) 10 (22%) 15 (26%)
  Post-graduate degree 7 (16%) 10 (17%) 6 (13%) 11 (19%)

Annual income (n=43) (n=53) (n=43) (n=53)
  < $20K 14 (33%) 25 (47%) 0.20 14 (33%) 25 (47%) 0.058
  $20K-<$60K 20 (46%) 16 (30%) 15 (35%) 21 (40%)
  ≥$60K 9 (21%) 12 (23%) 14 (32%) 7 (13%)

Work status (n=45) (n=57) (n=56)
  Working 27 (60%) 29 (51%) 0.61 25 (54%) 31 (55%) 0.61
  Seeking work/Laid-off 3 (7%) 3 (5%) 4 (9%) 2 (4%)
Student/Homemaker/Retired/Other 15 (33%) 25 (44%) 17 (37%) 23 (41%)

Body mass index, kg/m2 34.4 (8.3) 35.1 (12.2) 0.71 36.1 (8.2) 33.7 (9.0) 0.17

BMI categories
  Underweight (<20) 0 (0%) 1 (2%) 0.73 0 (0%) 1 (2%) 0.54
  Normal weight (20-<25) 8 (18%) 7 (12%) 5 (11%) 10 (18%)
  Overweight (25-<30) 7 (16%) 11 (19%) 7 (15%) 11 (19%)
  Obese (30–<40) 18 (40%) 22 (38%) 18 (39%) 22 (39%)
  Morbidly obese (≥40) 12 (27%) 17 (29%) 16 (35%) 13 (23%)

ACR 2010 criteria, mean (SD) (n=44) (n=45)
 Widespread pain index 12.2 (3.7) 14.1 (3.5) 0.009 12.8 (3.9) 13.7 (3.5) 0.21
 Somatic symptom score 8.8 (1.8) 9.6 (1.9) 0.030 9.1 (1.9) 9.4 (1.9) 0.43
 Fibromyalgia severity 21.0 (4.4) 23.8 (4.7) 0.003 21.9 (4.8) 23.2 (4.7) 0.19

Opioid for pain 9 (20%) 18 (31%) 0.21 10 (22%) 17 (30%) 0.35

TENS dose (minutes/day) (n=44)
60 (46–92)
(n=49)
67 (36–87)
0.92 60 (47–93) (n=47)
61 (39–84)
0.45

TENS intensity1-lumbar, median(IQR) (n=44)
38.3 (36.0–40.8)
(n=50)
37.5 (33.9–41.4)
0.44 38.4 (35.6–40.5) (n=48)
37.5 (35.6–41.4)
0.48
TENS intensity2-cervical 38.0 (36.8–40.7) 38.3 (37.0–42.0) 0.76 38.3 (37.2–40.5) 37.3 (36.8–43.5) 0.96
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