Table 1.

Patient characteristics

Patient number	Sex	Age	Type of nonunion	Location of nonunion	Causes of nonunion	Surgery technique
1	M	21	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
2	M	17	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
3	M	48	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
4	M	41	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
5	M	73	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
6	M	29	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
7	M	22	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
8	M	62	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
9	M	71	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
10	M	38	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
11	F	37	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
12	F	30	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
13	M	52	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
14	M	53	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
15	M	30	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
16	M	42	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
17	M	60	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
18	M	54	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
19	M	66	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
20	M	50	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
21	F	55	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
22	F	30	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
23	M	51	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
24	M	50	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
25	M	17	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
26	M	11	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
27	M	73	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
28	F	71	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
29	F	23	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
30	F	55	Atrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
31	F	60	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
32	M	33	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
33	M	47	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
34	M	33	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
35	F	23	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
36	M	61	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
37	F	15	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
38	F	56	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
39	M	40	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
40	M	42	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
41	M	60	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
42	M	34	Atrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
43	F	21	Atrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
44	M	48	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
45	M	41	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
46	M	73	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
47	M	29	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
48	M	22	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
49	F	62	Atrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
50	F	71	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
51	M	77	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
52	M	38	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
53	M	37	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
54	M	30	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
55	F	52	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
56	F	53	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
57	M	30	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
58	M	42	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
59	M	56	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
60	M	54	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
61	M	66	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
62	M	50	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
63	M	55	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
64	F	30	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
65	F	60	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
66	M	54	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
67	M	51	Atrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
68	F	59	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
69	M	64	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
70	M	54	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
71	F	45	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
72	M	61	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
73	F	34	Atrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
74	M	48	Atrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
75	M	29	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
76	F	51	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
77	M	53	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
78	M	15	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
79	M	76	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Close
80	M	64	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
81	M	53	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
82	M	77	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
83	M	25	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
84	F	25	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
85	F	62	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
86	M	54	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
87	M	48	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
88	M	45	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
89	M	53	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
90	M	51	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
91	F	74	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
92	M	27	Atrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
93	M	77	Hypertrophic	1/3 Proximal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
94	M	36	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
95	M	36	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open
96	M	29	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
97	M	34	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
98	M	38	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
99	M	48	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Open
100	M	38	Hypertrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
101	F	65	Atrophic	1/3 Distal	Failed previous plate fixation	Close
102	M	59	Hypertrophic	1/3 Mid	Failed previous intramedullary nail fixation	Open

Patient number	ASAMI bone score	ASAMI functional score	Refracture	Follow-up (years)
1	Excellent	Excellent	No	5.6
2	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.7
3	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.3
4	Good	Good	No	11.2
5	Excellent	Excellent	No	11
6	Excellent	Good	No	10.9
7	Excellent	Excellent	No	10.5
8	Excellent	Good	No	10.4
9	Excellent	Excellent	No	10.1
10	Excellent	Excellent	No	10
11	Excellent	Good	No	9.6
12	Excellent	Good	No	9.7
13	Excellent	Excellent	No	9.4
14	Excellent	Excellent	No	9.6
15	Excellent	Excellent	No	9.5
16	Excellent	Excellent	No	9.2
17	Excellent	Good	No	9
18	Excellent	Good	No	8.2
19	Excellent	Excellent	No	7.7
20	Good	Good	No	8.5
21	Excellent	Excellent	No	8.4
22	Excellent	Excellent	No	10.9
23	Excellent	Excellent	No	8.5
24	Excellent	Good	No	11.7
25	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.2
26	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.5
27	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.7
28	Excellent	Excellent	No	12
29	Excellent	Good	No	11.7
30	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.5
31	Excellent	Good	No	11.7
32	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.5
33	Excellent	Excellent	No	10.6
34	Excellent	Good	No	11.6
35	Excellent	Good	No	12
36	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.9
37	Excellent	Excellent	No	10.8
38	Good	Good	No	11.8
39	Excellent	Excellent	No	10.5
40	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.6
41	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.5
42	Good	Good	No	10.8
43	Excellent	Excellent	No	11.8
44	Excellent	Excellent	No	7.41
45	Good	Good	No	5.3
46	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.01
47	Excellent	Good	No	8.98
48	Excellent	Excellent	No	8.54
49	Excellent	Good	No	10.01
50	Excellent	Excellent	No	7.03
51	Excellent	Excellent	No	5.96
52	Excellent	Good	No	5.87
53	Excellent	Good	No	3.99
54	Excellent	Excellent	No	4.72
55	Excellent	Excellent	No	3.44
56	Excellent	Excellent	No	3.68
57	Excellent	Excellent	No	3.5
58	Excellent	Good	No	2.39
59	Excellent	Good	No	5.86
60	Excellent	Excellent	No	4.28
61	Good	Good	No	3.13
62	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.56
63	Excellent	Excellent	No	8.53
64	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.06
65	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.31
66	Good	Good	No	5.81
67	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.4
68	Excellent	Good	No	2.21
69	Poor	Poor	Yes	2.85
70	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.25
71	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.07
72	Excellent	Good	No	2.51
73	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.16
74	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.3
75	Excellent	Excellent	No	4.4
76	Excellent	Excellent	No	6.33
77	Poor	Poor	Yes	10.5
78	Excellent	Excellent	No	7.5
79	Excellent	Excellent	No	8.5
80	Excellent	Excellent	No	4.5
81	Excellent	Good	No	7.66
82	Excellent	Excellent	No	8
83	Excellent	Excellent	No	6.66
84	Poor	Poor	Yes	6.5
85	Excellent	Excellent	No	6.5
86	Excellent	Good	No	6.58
87	Excellent	Excellent	No	5.5
88	Excellent	Excellent	No	4.5
89	Excellent	Excellent	No	4.58
90	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.58
91	Excellent	Good	No	3.33
92	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.5
93	Good	Good	No	2.58
94	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.5
95	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.66
96	Excellent	Excellent	No	6.42
97	Poor	Poor	Yes	2.75
98	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.5
99	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.5
100	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.66
101	Poor	Poor	Yes	2.58
102	Excellent	Excellent	No	2.58