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. 2021 Apr 15;11:8281. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87785-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The AMPK/PGC1α stimulated mitochondrial oxidation (OXPHOS) in the regulation of mesenchymal stem cells osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)³³ in the bone/bone marrow of hibernating bears. Blue ovals—upstream stimulators, purple rectangulars—nuclear/cytoplasmic communicators, green ovals—master mediators of osteoclastogenesis and grey ovals—receptors of the master mediators. FC—fold change in expression of gene during hibernation, red arrow—up-regulation, blue arrow—down-regulation. NES—GSEA normalized enrichment score (Tables 1, 2). M-CSF demonstrated tendency (FDR = 0.09) for down-regulation and expression of RANKL was not detected in the data set. ROS - reactive oxidative species.