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. 2021 Apr 15;11:8215. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87559-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Pharmacological inactivation of either the BNST or CeA disrupts flight-like behavior. (A) Behavioral design. Histological summary of CeA (B) and BNST (C) cannula placements with representative thionin-stained sections and drug spread with fluorescent muscimol. Labeled anterior–posterior coordinates are relative to bregma. (D) averaged freezing data showing that CeA and BNST animals both showed reduced baseline freezing. BNST animals increased freezing to tone presentation and remained at higher freezing levels during white noise. CeA animals remained at low levels of freezing during the SCS. (E,F) averaged activity levels during the first SCS presentation showing that BNST animals showed a reduced flight response and CeA animals did not increase activity from tone to noise at all despite a lack of freezing behavior. This is reflected in the flight ratio (G). All data are represented as mean ± SEM pooled across sex [CeA (n = 14); BNST (n = 16); SAL (n = 16)]; *, **, and *** denote p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively.