Table 2.
Cognitive function in young and middle-aged to older (MA/O) adults
| Subdomain of cognitive function and test | Raw (unadjusted) score | Age-adjusted percentile | Fully adjusted T-score | Relation to TMAO in MA/O adults | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Young | MA/O | Young | MA/O | Young | MA/O | r2 | p value | |
| Working memory | ||||||||
| NIHTBList Sorting | 19.4 ± 1.9 | 17.1 ± 2.3* | 54 ± 26 | 70 ± 22* | 50 ± 8 | 54 ± 7 | 0.07 | 0.02* |
| Episodic memory | ||||||||
| NIHTBPicture Sequence Memory | 638 ± 92 | 480 ± 85* | 72 ± 30 | 61 ± 28 | 59 ± 12 | 53 ± 11 | 0.07 | 0.03* |
| Processing speed | ||||||||
| NIHTBPattern Comparison | 128 ± 16 | 102 ± 12* | 77 ± 25 | 63 ± 30 | 61 ± 11 | 53 ± 11 | < 0.01 | 0.55 |
| TTrail Making Test part A (s) | 17 ± 4 | 28 ± 7* | - | - | - | - | < 0.01 | 0.93 |
| Executive function | ||||||||
| NIHTBFlanker Inhibitory Control and Attention | 9.1 ± 0.7 | 8.2 ± 0.5* | 52 ± 36 | 54 ± 21 | 51 ± 14 | 48 ± 6 | < 0.01 | 0.44 |
| NIHTBDimensional Change Card Sort | 9.2 ± 0.9 | 8.0 ± 0.7* | 68 ± 36 | 71 ± 20 | 58 ± 12 | 54 ± 8 | < 0.01 | 0.92 |
| TTrail Making Test part B (s) | 41 ± 15 | 55 ± 17* | - | - | - | - | < 0.01 | 0.93 |
| Language | ||||||||
| NIHTBPicture Vocabulary | 110 ± 9 | 129 ± 12* | 78 ± 17 | 86 ± 19 | 56 ± 7 | 62 ± 11 | < 0.01 | 0.73 |
| NIHTBOral Reading Recognition | 114 ± 6 | 128 ± 11* | 87 ± 17 | 88 ± 15 | 65 ± 7 | 61 ± 8 | < 0.01 | 0.96 |
| Cognitive function composite scores | ||||||||
| NIHTBFluid | 121 ± 11 | 100 ± 9* | 69 ± 28 | 68 ± 23 | 59 ± 13 | 53 ± 8* | 0.07 | 0.03* |
| NIHTBCrystallized | 111 ± 5 | 131 ± 12* | 87 ± 11 | 92 ± 12 | 61 ± 5 | 65 ± 10 | < 0.01 | 0.50 |
| NIHTBTotal | 118 ± 6 | 120 ± 14 | 83 ± 11 | 85 ± 18 | 61 ± 7 | 61 ± 11 | 0.02 | 0.20 |
Age-adjusted percentiles are the percent of people from the US Toolbox Norming Study within each subject’s age bracket (by year) with a lower raw (unadjusted) score. Standardized scores are adjusted for age, sex, race, ethnicity, and highest level of education. Test score data are mean ± SD. R2 regression coefficients and p values are from unadjusted linear regression models (no covariates included) between log-transformed TMAO and T-scores, just within MA/O subjects
*p < 0.05 vs. young
NIHTBNIH Toolbox Cognition Battery measure (higher scores indicate better cognitive function)
TTrail Making tests (faster times/lower number of seconds indicate better cognitive function)