Table 1.
General characteristics of participants stratified by low or high HPA measured by the ActivPAL
| Characteristic | Total (n = 1715) | High HPA (n = 780) | Low HPA (n = 935) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 59.6 ± 8.1 | 58.0 ± 7.9 | 60.9 ± 8.0 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, female (No. [%]) | 830 [48.4] | 447 [57.3] | 383 [41.0] | < 0.001 |
| Education level (No. [%]), low/middle/high | 523/497/695 [30.5/29.0/40.5] | 225/224/331 [28.9/28.7/42.4] | 297/274/364 [31.8/29.3/38.9] | 0.283 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.6 ± 4.2 | 25.5 ± 3.7 | 27.6 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 94.4 ± 12.7 | 89.8 ± 11.0 | 98.2 ± 12.8 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.0 ± 17.3 | 131.8 ± 16.9 | 135.8 ± 17.4 | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.1 ± 9.7 | 75.3 ± 9.8 | 76.7 ± 9.6 | 0.003 |
| T2DM (No. [% of T2DM]) | 400 [23.6] | 99 [12.9] | 301 [32.6] | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension, yes (No. [%]) | 914 [53.3] | 345 [44.2] | 569 [60.8] | < 0.001 |
| Total-to-HDL-cholesterol ratio | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 3.7 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| History of CVD, yes (No. [%]) | 218 [12.7] | 57 [7.3] | 161 [17.2] | < 0.001 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Diabetes medication, yes (No. [%]) | 308 [18.0] | 72 [9.2] | 236 [25.2] | < 0.001 |
| Antihypertensive medication, yes (No. [%]) | 619 [36.1] | 199 [25.6] | 420 [44.9] | < 0.001 |
| Lipid-modifying medication, yes (No. [%]) | 540 [31.5] | 178 [22.9] | 362 [38.7] | < 0.001 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Alcohol (No. [%]), none/low/high | 291/980/444 [17.0/57.2/25.9] | 108/452/220 [13.8/58.0/28.2] | 183/528/224 [19.6/56.5/23.9] | 0.003 |
| Smoking (No. [%]), never/former/current | 651/854/210 [38.0/49.8/12.3] | 326/380/74 [41.7/48.8/9.6] | 325/474/136 [34.8/50.7/14.5] | 0.001 |
| Diet (Dutch Healthy Diet, 0-100)‡ | 85.6 ± 14.3 | 83.1 ± 14.8 | 82.3 ± 14.0 | < 0.001 |
| Total PA (min/day) | 124 ± 41 | 145 ± 37 | 106 ± 35 | < 0.001 |
| LPA (min/day) | 100 ± 33 | 106 ± 31 | 95 ± 34 | < 0.001 |
| HPA (min/day) | 24 ± 19 | 39 ± 18 | 11 ± 6 | < 0.001 |
| Sedentary time (min/day) | 558 ± 99 | 530 ± 93 | 581 ± 99 | < 0.001 |
| Wake time (min/day) | 945 ± 53 | 951 ± 50 | 940 ± 54 | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive score | ||||
| MMSE total score | 29.0 ± 1.2 | 29.2 ± 1.1 | 28.9 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
| Node degree | ||||
| Whole brain | 20.9 ± 0.8 | 21.1 ± 0.7 | 20.8 ± 0.8 | < 0.001 |
| Frontal lobe | 17.8 ± 0.9 | 17.9 ± 0.9 | 17.7 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 |
| Temporal lobe | 19.8 ± 0.9 | 19.9 ± 0.8 | 19.7 ± 0.9 | < 0.001 |
| Parietal lobe | 20.3 ± 0.8 | 20.3 ± 0.8 | 20.4 ± 0.9 | 0.150 |
| Occipital lobe | 24.4 ± 1.3 | 24.4 ± 1.3 | 24.3 ± 1.3 | 0.354 |
| Basal ganglia | 42.0 ± 2.0 | 42.3 ± 2.0 | 41.8 ± 2.0 | < 0.001 |
| Primary motor cortex | 25.0 ± 2.7 | 25.3 ± 2.6 | 24.8 ± 2.8 | 0.001 |
| Other | ||||
| MRI lag time (years) | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 0.097 |
General characteristics of the study population were evaluated by ANOVA (continuous variables with a normal distribution) or χ2 tests (categorical variables). Data are presented as means ± standard deviation or percentages for categorical variables. High HPA was defined as at least 150 min of high-intensity physical activity per week (21.4 min per day)
No. number, PA physical activity, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, HDL high-density lipoprotein, CVD cardiovascular disease, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination
‡Diet score was available in n = 1613