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. 2021 Feb 9;43(1):137–158. doi: 10.1007/s11357-020-00312-y

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Risk of bias for observational and non-randomized experimental studies. Domain 1: bias due to confounding; domain 2: bias due to selection of participants; domain 3: bias in classification of interventions; domain 4: bias due to deviations from intended interventions; domain 5: bias due to missing outcome data; domain 6: bias in measurement of outcomes; domain 7: bias in selection of the reported result