Table 2.
Main characteristics of experimental studies included in the systematic review
| Study | Study design | Participants (age in years) | Sample size | Sleep deprivation model | Endothelial function assessment | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total sleep deprivation | ||||||
| Grassi 2016 [41] | Randomized crossover | Healthy adults (25.3 ± 3.6) | 32 (16M/16F) |
Supervised TSD SD: 24-h TSD NS: FS |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓ after TSD (SD: 5.52 ± 0.53% vs. NS: 6.53 ± 0.63%, P = 0.02) |
| Wehrens 2012 [42] | Non-randomized crossover |
Men Shift workers (35.7 ± 7.2) Non-shift workers (32.5 ± 6.2) |
25 (11 shift/14 non-shift workers) |
Supervised TSD Polysomnography SD: 30.5-h TSD NS: 7.5–8 h |
Brachial artery FMD | No change in FMD after TSD (means and P value not reported) |
| Sauvet 2009 [43] | Non-randomized crossover | Healthy men (29.1 ± 3.3) | 12 |
Supervised TSD Polysomnography SD: 40-h TSD NS: FS |
CVC in response to ACh |
CVCpeak and CVCauc to ACh ↓ after 29 h TSD: CVCpeak (SD: 283 ± 163 vs. NS: 454 ± 158 PU/mmHg, P = 0.03); CVCauc (SD: 8.1 ± 2.2 vs. NS: 16.7 ± 6.5 PU/mmHg, P = 0.02) |
| Sauvet 2017 [44] | Non-randomized crossover | Healthy men (27.3 ± 5.4) | 16 |
Supervised TSD Polysomnography SD: 40-h TSD NS: 8 h |
CVC in response to ACh/insulin/heat |
CVCpeak after TSD in response to ACh/insulin/heat ↓: ACh (SD: 67.2 ± 8.2 vs. NS: 106.5 ± 7.5 PU/mmHg, P = 0.001); insulin (SD: 19.7 ± 3.2 vs. NS: 35.8 ± 5.1 PU/mmHg, P = 0.001); heat (SD: 115.5 ± 11.0 vs. NS: 131.7 ± 9.6 PU/mmHg, P = 0.004) |
| Sauvet 2012 [45] | Randomized crossover | Healthy men (30.6 ± 2.1) | 10 |
Supervised TSD Polysomnography SD: 29-h TSD NS: FS |
CVC in response to CWI |
No change in baseline CVC after TSD (SD: 0.6 ± 0.2 vs. NS: 0.8 ± 0.2, P = 0.9). CVC during CWI lower after TSD: CVC (SD: 30.0 ± 40.2 vs. NS: 143.6 ± 78 PU/mmHg, P = 0.04), CVCmax (SD: 240 ± 133.7 vs. NS: 385.9 ± 169.7 PU/mmHg, P = 0.04), CVCauc (SD: 225.3 ± 123.9 vs. NS: 995.0 ± 181.6 PU/mmHg, P = 0.04) |
| Yang 2012 [46] | Randomized crossover | Healthy adults (22 ± 1) | 28 (14M/14F) |
Supervised TSD SD: 24- h TSD NS: FS |
FBF and FVC in response to reactive hyperemia |
No change in FBF or FVC to reactive hyperemia after TSD: FBF: (Δ67 ± 12% vs. Δ83 ± 13%, P = 0.2); FVC: (Δ47 ± 8% vs. Δ59 ± 11%, P = 0.25) |
| Sleep restriction | ||||||
| Sekine 2010 [47] | Randomized crossover | Healthy men (29 ± 6) | 26 |
Self- reported SR SD: 3.7 ± 0.9 h NS: 7.1 ± 0.2 h |
CFVR to ATP | CFVR to ATP ↓ after SR (SD: 3.3 ± 0.6 vs. NS: 4.2 ± 0.9, P < 0.001) |
| Calvin 2014 [48] | Randomized parallel-group | Healthy adults (SD: 24.1 ± 4.5; NS: 25.1 ± 5.0) |
16: 8 NS (5M/3F) 8 SD (5M/3F) |
Supervised SR Polysomnography SD: 5.1 ± 0.4 h/8 nights NS: 6.8 ± 0.8 h/8 nights |
Brachial artery FMD |
FMD ↓ after SR but not NS: SD: 8.6 ± 4.6% to 5.2 ± 3.4%, P = 0.01 NS: 6.7 ± 2.9% to 5.0 ± 3.0%, P = 0.1 Between group difference: − 4.4%, P = 0.003 |
| Takase 2004 [49] | Non-randomized crossover | Healthy men (21.7 ± 1.1) | 30 |
Self-reported SR SD: < 80% sleep/4 weeks NS: habitual sleep/1 week |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓ after SR (SD: 3.7 ± 2.3% vs. NS: 7.4 ± 3.0%, P < 0.05) |
| Dettoni 2012 [50] | Randomized crossover | Healthy men (31 ± 2) | 13 |
Monitored SR Actigraphy SD: 4.5 ± 0.3 h/5 nights NS: 8 ± 0.5 h/5 nights |
Endothelium-dependent venodilation to ACh | Dilation to ACh ↓ after SR (P < 0.001, means not reported) |
| Sauvet 2015 [51] | Non-randomized crossover | Healthy men (29.3 ± 5.2) | 12 |
Supervised SR and polysomnography SD: 3.68 ± 0.18 h/6 nights NS: 7 ± 0.3 h/1 night |
CVC in response to MCh/cathode current/heat |
CVCpeak to MCh and heat ↓ after SR day 6; (P < 0.05, means not reported) CVC to cathode current did not change after SR (P > 0.05, means not reported) |
| Shift work | ||||||
| Garcia-Fernandez 2002 [52] | Randomized crossover | Healthy medical residents (27–35) | 15 (9M/6F) |
Unmonitored SW SD: 24-h shift NS: regular shift/FS |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓ after SW (SD: 3.4 ± 2.8% vs. NS: 11.3 ± 7.0%, P < 0.001) |
| Zheng 2006 [53] | Randomized crossover | Healthy medical residents (29) | 22 (15M/7F) |
Unmonitored SW Self-reported SD: 30-h shift NS: 6-h shift |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓ after SW (SD: 3.2% vs. NS: 7.9%, P < 0.001) |
| Tarzia 2011 [54] | Randomized crossover | Healthy medical trainees (27.3 ± 1) | 20 (9M/11F) |
Unmonitored SW Self-reported SD: night shift NS: FS |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓after SW (SD: 8.0 ± 1.4% vs. NS: 8.6 ± 1.7%, P = 0.025) |
| Shimada 2011 [55] | Non-randomized crossover | Healthy male medical staff (32 ± 7) | 19 |
Unmonitored SW Self-reported SD: night shift NS: FS |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓ after SW (SD: 10.4 ± 1.8% vs. NS: 12.5 ± 1.7% P < 0.001) |
| Kim 2011 [56] | Non-randomized crossover | Healthy female nurses (30.1 ± 4.1) | 22 |
Unmonitored SW SD: 3 night shifts NS: regular workday/FS |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓ after SW (SD: 7.6 ± 2.4% vs. NS: 13.3 ± 3.5%, P < 0.001) |
| Amir 2004 [57] | Non-randomized crossover | Healthy physicians (35 ± 4) | 30 (23M/7F) |
Unmonitored SW Self-reported SD: 24-h shift NS: regular workday/FS |
Brachial artery FMD | FMD ↓ after SW (SD: 6.7 ± 4.8% vs. NS: 10.5 ± 4.5%, P < 0.0001) |
ACh acetylcholine, ATP adenosine triphosphate, CFVR coronary flow velocity reserve, CVC cutaneous vascular conductance, CVCauc cutaneous vascular conductance area under the curve, CVCmax maximal cutaneous vascular conductance, CVCpeak peak cutaneous vascular conductance, CWI cold-water immersion, FBF forearm blood flow, F female, FMD flow-mediated dilation, FS full night of sleep, FVC forearm vascular conductance, M male, MCh methacholine, NS normal sleep, PU perfusion units, SD sleep deprivation, SR sleep restriction, SW shift work, TSD total sleep deprivation