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. 2021 Apr 16;44(5):1865–1877. doi: 10.1007/s10753-021-01464-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Effects of spike glycoprotein S1 (10, 50 and 100 ng/mL) stimulation on TNFα (a), IL-6 (b), IL-1β (c) and IL-8 (d) production in human PBMCs. Culture supernatants were collected following stimulation for 24 h and analysed using human ELISA kits for TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-8. Values are mean ± SEM for at least 3 independent experiments (ns: not significant; *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001, compared with unstimulated control; one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey’s test).