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. 2021 Apr 15;11:8211. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-87614-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Ball-release speed in each level of effort. The horizontal solid black lines indicate the release speed averaged across all the trials and subjects in each condition (N = 8). Each circle represents the release speed averaged across all the trials in each subject. Each dotted black line indicates ball-release speed in each subject and effort. Single and double asterisks show statistically significant differences with p < 0.05 and p < 0.01 in Tukey’s comparison test.