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. 2021 Apr 16;53(4):537–547. doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00604-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Top panel shows a phylogenetic tree of 3852 SARS-CoV-2 genomes sampled globally between December 2019 and March 2021. The bottom panel shows the geographic distribution of the major clades of SARS-CoV-2. Clades were defined using Nextstrain nomenclature based on global frequency, variation from parent clade, and year of emergence. The relative global frequency of b all major SARS-CoV-2 clades, c the amino acid variant at position 614 of the spike protein (D: aspartic acid and G: glycine), d the amino acid variant at position 452 of the spike protein (L: leucine and R: arginine), and e the amino acid variant at position 501 of the spike protein (N: asparagine, Y: tyrosine and T: threonine). For a, b clades were named according to Nextstrain nomenclature, which distinguishes clades based on global frequency, year of emergence and a unique letter. For a–e data visualization was performed by nextstrain.org with data provided by GISAID.