Fig. 4. Carnosol promotes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-induced osteogenesis in mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (mBMSCs).

(A) Studying the effect of carnosol on promoting the osteogenic induction of different osteogenic growth factors in mBMSCs. Cells were induced for osteogenesis without (I+DMSO) or with TGFβ1 (10 ng/ml), BMP2 (100 ng/ml), IGF1 (100 ng/ml), bFGF (100 ng/ml) or PDGF (100 ng/ml) for 6 days in the absence or the presence of 10 µM carnosol for 6 days. (B) Effect of carnosol on BMP2, 4, and 7-induced osteogenesis in mBMSCs as measured by quantitative Alizarin Red staining for matrix mineralization after 12 days of induction. Representative images of Alizarin Red staining were shown. (C) Effect of carnosol on inducing the expression of BMP2-upregulated osteogenic gene expression. Gene expression values were normalization to reference genes and represented as fold change over induced cells without carnosol. Values are mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments (**p < 0.005, compared to induced cells without carnosol [I+DMSO]).