Table 2.

The independent associations of bilingual status and sex with cognition in Hispanics/Latinos

		Cognitive function
		Learning Beta [95% CI] p	Memory Beta [95% CI] p	Fluency Beta [95% CI] p	DSS Beta [95% CI] p
Model 1
A	Language Proficiency	0.52 [0.31–0.72] p < 0.0001	0.17 [0.07–0.27] p = 0.001	1.43 [1.16–1.69] p < 0.0001	3.43 [2.98–3.89] p < 0.0001
B	Patterns of Use	0.21 [0.07–0.35] p = 0.004	0.05 [−0.02–0.12] p = 0.13	0.87 [0.68–1.06] p < 0.0001	1.94 [1.58–2.30] p < 0.0001
C	Females versus Males	0.02 [0.02–0.02] p < 0.0001	0.01 [0.01–0.01] p < 0.0001	0.002 [−0.00–0.01] p = 0.30	0.01 [0.00–0.02] p = 0.008
Model 2
A	Language Proficiency	0.29 [0.06–0.52] p = 0.01	0.11 [0.01–0.22] p = 0.03	0.67 [0.39–0.95] p < 0.0001	2.03 [1.63–2.43] p < 0.0001
B	Patterns of Use	0.11 [−0.04–0.25] p = 0.15	0.04 [−0.03–0.11] p = 0.25	0.44 [0.25–0.63] p < 0.0001	1.10 [0.77–1.43] p < 0.0001
C	Females versus Males	0.02 [0.02–0.03] p < 0.0001	0.01 [0.01–0.01] p < 0.0001	0.01 [0.00–0.01] p = 0.04	0.02 [0.01–0.03] p < 0.0001

DSS, Digit Symbol Substitution subtest; cognitive test score ranges were as follows: B-SEVLT Learning = 0–45, B-SEVLT Memory = 0–15, Fluency = 0–50, DSS = 0–80. Bolded entries denote significance at p < 0.05 with exact p-values outlined within the table. Model 1: Age-adjusted. Model 2: Adjusted for age as well as education, background, 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression score, annual family income, current occupation, years of US residency, and physical activity level; sex was also included as a covariable in Model 2A and Model 2B but as the predictor variable in Model 2C.