Table 2.
Clinical features of depression associated with frailty.
| Non-frail (n = 216) | Frail (n = 122) | p | OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Major depression | 70 (32.9%) | 55 (45.1%) | 0.026 | 1.68 (1.062–2.649) |
| Dysthymia | 47 (22.3%) | 28 (23.1%) | 0.856 | 1.05 (0.617–1.789) |
| Suicide risk | ||||
| None | 154 (73.7%) | 75 (65.2%) | 1 | |
| Low | 48 (23.0%) | 29 (25.2%) | 0.063 | 1.24 (0.725–2.123) |
| Moderate | 5 (2.4%) | 5 (4.3%) | 2.05 (0.577–7.311) | |
| High | 2 (1.0%) | 6 (5.2%) | 6.16 (1.214–31.249) | |
| Family history of depression | 69 (34.2%) | 34 (31.2%) | 0.596 | 0.87 (0.531–1.439) |
| Psychiatric admission | 15 (7.7%) | 12 (11.5%) | 0.269 | 1.56 (0.704–3.482) |
| Cognitive impairment (MMSE) | ||||
| None | 53 (57.6%) | 37 (51.4%) | 1 | |
| Possible | 11 (12.0%) | 14 (19.4%) | 0.408 | 1.823 (0.745–4.459) |
| Mild or moderate | 28 (30.4%) | 21 (29.2%) | 1.074 (0.531–2.173) | |
| Anxiety | 44 (30.1%) | 15 (34.1%) | 0.619 | 1.20 (0.59–2.46) |
| Depression symptoms(HDRS) | ||||
| None (0–7) | 90 (45.5%) | 27 (22.9%) | 1 | |
| Mild (8–13) | 73 (36.9%) | 39 (33.1%) | 1.78 (0.997–3.180) | |
| Moderate (14–18) | 26 (13.1%) | 32 (27.1%) | <0.001 | 4.10 (2.093–8.040) |
| Severe (19–22) | 7 (3.5%) | 12 (10.2%) | 5.71 (2.047–15.951) | |
| Very severe (>23) | 2 (1.0%) | 8 (6.8%) | 13.33 (2.670–66.575) | |
| Years since diagnosisa | 10 (5.0–20.0) | 15 (7.8–23.0) | 0.021 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) |
| Use of any psychiatric drug | 197 (95.2%) | 118 (98.3%) | 0.142 | 2.995 (0.64–) |
| Use of antidepressants | 169 (82.4%) | 111 (92.5%) | 0.011 | 2.627 (1.218–5.667) |
| Use of anxiolytics | 92 (51.1%) | 64 (59.8%) | 0.152 | 1.424 (0.877–2.311 |
| Use of antiepileptics | 14 (9.0%) | 3 (3.7%) | 0.130 | 0.385 (0.107–1.381) |
| Use of AchEIs | 2 (1.3%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.963 | 0.944 (0.84–10.574) |
a
Median and interquartile range.
AchEI, acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Exam.