Table 1.
Characteristics and findings of the studies examining the association between high level serum uric acid and type 2 diabetes.
| Work | Year | Study | Design | Sample size (%DM) | %M/W | Age (Years) | Ethnicity | Follow-up duration (Years) | Adjusted variables | Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [14] | 1995 | RS | PCS | 7577 (2.56%) | 100/0 | 40–59 | Britain | 12.8 | Age, BMI, history of heart disease, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking status, high blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and heart rate | Uric acid ( mol/l)) 302 412 |
OR 1.0 1.5 (0.9–2.5) |
| [21] | 1998 | RS | PCS | 481 (17.6%) | 53.02/ 46.98 | 30 | Chinese | 3 | Age, sex, BMI, WHR, history of hypertension, HDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and triglycerides | Uric acid ( mol/l) 420 420 |
OR 1.0 2.581 (1.083–6.149) |
| [22] | 2002 | MONICA [35] | PCS | 6166 (3.45%) | 49.5/ 50.5 | 35–74 | Germany | Mean 7.6 | Age and BMI | Uric acid ( mol/l)) increase by 1000 | OR 2.05 (1.49–1.29) |
| [23] | 2003 | ARIC [36] | PCS | 8574 (9.90%) | 42.6/ 57.4 | 45–65 | Blacks and Whites (USA) | 11 | Age, sex, education, baseline insulin concentration, BMI and blood pressure | Uric acid ( mol/l)) increase by 123.76 | OR 1.3 (1.2–1.4) |
| [19] | 2005 | RS | PCS | 60 | 75/25 | 39–80 | USA | 1 | Age, sex, BMI, baseline insulin concentration, and glomerular filtration rate | Uric acid ( mol/l)) 486 486 (6 months) 486 (12 months) |
OR 1.0 5.47 (1.6–17.7) 3.4 (1.1–10.4) |
| [15] | 2006 | FDPS [37] | – | 475 (21.68%) | 33.68/66.32 | 40–65 | Finland | 3.2 | Age, sex, and baseline fasting | Uric acid ( mol/l)) 99–310 311–380 381–622 |
OR 1.0 1.40 (0.82–2.39) 1.82 (1.07–3.10) |
| [24] | 2008 | CSCCS [38] | PCS | 2960 (20.37%) | 51.7/48.3 | 35–97 | Chinese | Median 9 | Age, sex, BMI, alcohol intake, exercise, marital status, educational level, occupation and family history of diabetes | Uric acid ( mol/l)) 220 280 320 380 460 |
OR 1.0 1.11 (0.82–1.49) 1.29 (0.96–11.73) 1.40 (1.04–1.90) 1.63 (1.20–2.23) |
| [16] | 2008 | Rotterdam [39] | PCS | 4536 (10.18%) | NA | 55 | Netherlands | 10.1 | Age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and HDL cholesterol | Uric acid ( mol/l)) 267 260–310 311–370 370 |
HR 1.0 1.08 (0.78–1.49) 1.12 (0.81–1.53) 1.68 (1.22–2.30) |
| [25] | 2008 | RS | PCS | 4259 (16.81%) | 45.6/ 54.4 | 25–74 | Indians and Creoles | 5 | Ethnicity, serum creatinine, alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes and fasting serum insulin | Uric acid ( mol/l)) Men 363 367 Women 273 287 |
HR 1.0 1.19 (1.07–1.34) 1.0 1.05 (0.95–1.16) |
| [26] | 2008 | MRFIT [40], [41], [42] | PCS | 11351 (10.70%) | 100/0 | 35–57 | Blacks and Whites (USA) | 6 | Smoking status, BMI, hypertension, physical activity, alcohol consumption, total energy intake, cereal fibre, intake of polyunsaturated, mono saturated and saturated fat, coffee intake, high fasting blood glucose, and low HDL cholesterol | Uric acid ( mol/l) 333 464 |
RR 1.0 1.88 (1.52–2.32) |
| [27] | 2009 | RS | PCS | 556 (9.89%) | 41/ 59 | Mean 63.3 8.6 | Brazil | 13 | Age, sex, BMI, diuretic use, and glomerular filtration rate | Uric acid ( mol/l)) increase by 88.4 | OR 1.65 (1.25–2.18) |
| [30] | 2011 | NHANES III [43], [44] | CSS | 14144 | 47.5/ 52.5 | 43–51 | USA | – | Age, sex, race, educational level, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, hypertension, and serum total cholesterol | Uric acid ( mol/l)) 380 380–460 460–548 548 |
OR 1.0 0.54 (0.36–0.80) 0.40 (0.29–0.56) 0.48 (0.35–0.66) |
RS-Random Sample, MONICA-Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease, ARIC-Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, FDPS-Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study, CSCCS-Chin Shan Community Cardiovascular study, MRFIT-Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, NHANES-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, QFS-Quebec Family Study, M-Men, W-Women, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CSS-Cross-Sectional Study.