Table 2.
Characteristics and findings of the studies examining the association between sleep quantity/quality and type 2 diabetes.
| Work | Year | Study | Design | Sample size (%DM) | %M/W | Age (Years) | Ethnicity | Follow-up duration (Years) | Adjusted variables | Findings | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [79] | 2003 | NHS [80] | PCS | 70026 (2.81%) | 0/100 | 40–65 | United States | 10 | Working hours, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, smoking, snoring, exercise, alcohol, depression, postmenopausal hormone use, BMI, and family history of diabetes | Sleep (Hours) 5 6 7 8 9 |
OR 1.18 (0.96–1.44) 1.10 (0.97–1.25) 1.02 (0.91–1.16) 1.0 1.29 (1.05–1.59) |
| [56] | 2004 | RS [81] | PCS | 2265 (1.67%) | 100/0 | – | Japanese | 8 | Age, education, occupation, shift work, BMI, leisure time, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and family history of diabetes | Sleep DIS (low frequency) DIS (high frequency) DMS (low frequency) DMS (high frequency) |
HR 1.0 2.98 (1.36–6.53) 1.0 2.23 (1.08–4.61) |
| [57] | 2004 | MPP [82] | PCS | 6599 (4.3%) | 100/0 | Mean 42.6 | Swedish and Caucasians | 15.2 | Age, lifestyle, family history of diabetes, social class, physical activity, BMI, smoking, and alcohol intake | DIS No Yes |
OR 1.0 1.52 (1.05–2.20) |
| [59] | 2005 | MONICA [35] | PCS | 8269 (2.27%) | 50.1/49.9 | 25–75 | Germany | 7.5 | Age,educational level, parental history of diabetes, smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, physical activity, history of angina pectoris, BMI, and dyslipidemia | DIS No Yes (M) Yes (W) DMS No Yes (M) No (W) |
OR 1.0 1.10 (0.59–2.03) 1.42 (0.81–2.50) 1.0 1.60 (1.05–2.45) 1.98 (1.20–3.29) |
| [83] | 2005 | SHHS [84] | CSS | 1486 | 48.6/ 51.4 | 53–93 | United States | – | Age, sex, ethnicity, waist girth, and apnea-hypopnea index | Sleep (Hours) 5 6 7–8 9 |
OR 2.51 (1.57–4.02) 1.66 (1.15–2.39) 1.0 1.88 (1.21–2.91) |
| [52] | 2005 | RS | PCS | 1170 (7.52%) | 47/53 | 45–65 | Swedish | 12 | Age, marital status, living conditions, hypertension, obesity, smoking, alcohol use, snoring and depression | Sleep (Hours) 7–8 5 (M) 5 (W) 9 (W) |
RR 1.0 2.8 (1.1–7.3) 1.8 (0.5–6.8) 2.9 (0.6–15.0) |
| [50] | 2005 | RS | PCS | 1462 (8.62%) | 0/100 | 38–60 | Swedish | 32 | Age, subscapular skin-fold thickness, serum lipid values, blood pressure, resting heart rate, physical activity, education and socio-economic status | No association between sleep duration and diabetes. | |
| [85] | 2006 | MMAS [86] | PCS | 1139 (7.90%) | 100/0 | 40–70 | Blacks and Whites (USA) | 17 | Age, hypertension, smoking, self rated health status, waist circumference, education, testosterone, and cortisol | Sleep (Hours) 5 6 7 8 8 |
RR 1.71 (0.81–3.59) 1.95 (1.06–3.58) 1.0 1.40 (0.78–2.54) 3.03 (1.44–6.37) |
| [87] | 2007 | NHANES I [88] | PCS | 8992 (4.78%) | 37.5/ 62.5 | 32–86 | Whites and Non-whites (USA) | 10 | Physical activity, depression, alcohol consumption, ethnicity, education, marital status, age, obesity and hypertension | Sleep (Hours) 5 6 7 8 9 |
OR 1.47 (1.03–2.09) 1.08 (0.80–1.47) 1.0 1.09 (0.83–1.43) 1.52 (1.06–2.17) |
| [89] | 2007 | QFS [90] | CSS | 740 | 43.65/ 56.35 | 21–64 | Europid race | 12 | Age, marital status, employment status, educational level, annual income, physical activity, alcohol intake, coffee intake, hypertension, heart disease and waist circumference | Sleep (Hours) 5–6 7–8 9–10 |
OR 2.09 (1.34–2.98) 1.0 1.58 (1.13–2.31) |
| [58] | 2007 | HIPOP-OHP [91] | PCS | 6509 (3.53%) | 78.4/21.6 | 32–86 | Japanese | 4.2 | Age, sex, BMI, history of smoking, history of hypertension, history of high cholesterol, history of diabetes and physical activity | DIS No Low frequency High frequency |
HR 1.0 1.42 (1.05–1.91) 1.61 (1.00–2.58) |
| [92] | 2008 | FIN-D2D [93] | CSS | 2770 | 48.2/51.8 | 45–74 | Finland | 1 | Age, BMI, medication for sleep, antidepressants, smoking, sleep apnea probability, and physical activity | Subjects with 6 and 8 hours of sleep are more likely rightarrow have type 2 diabetes. | |
| [94] | 2009 | QFS [90] | PCS | 274 | 42.7/ 57.3 | 21–64 | Europid race | 6 | Age, smoking habits, employment status, annual household income, shift working history, resting metabolic rate, coffee intake, waist circumference and physical activity | Sleep (Hours) 6 7–8 9 |
RR 2.42 (1.49–3.33) 1.0 2.31 (1.41–3.15) |
| [55] | 2009 | IRAS [95] | – | 900 (16.22%) | 43.3/56.7 | 40–69 | Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics, and African-Americans | 5 | Age, sex, glucose tolerance, hypertension, family history of diabetes, smoking, educational level, BMI, insulin sensitivity, and acute insulin response | Sleep (Hours) 8 NHW/Hispanics 7 9 African-American 7 9 |
OR 1.0 2.36 (1.11–5.99) 2.15 (0.50–9.30) 0.63 (0.14–2.90) 0.39 (0.02–7.19) |
| [96] | 2009 | RS | CSS | 1741 | 42.6/ 57.4 | 20 | Pennsylvania | - | Age, race, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, depression and sleep disordered breathing | Sleep (Hours) 5 5–6 6 |
OR 2.95 (1.2–7.0) 2.07 (0.68–6.4) 1.0 |
| [97] | 2009 | RS | – | 515 | 33/67 | 40–64 | Finland | 7 | Age, sex, BMI, study center, smoking, alcohol intake, hypertension medication, leisure time physical activity, and 1 year change in body weight | Sleep (Hours) 6.5 7–8.5 9–9.5 10 | HR 1.68 (0.79–3.59) 1.0 2.29 (1.38–3.80) 2.74 (1.67–4.50) |
| [98] | 2010 | NIH-AARP [99] | PCS | 174344 | 56.8/43.2 | 50–71 | Whites and non-whites (USA) | 8 | Age, race, sex, educational level, marital status, smoking, coffee intake, alcohol intake, calorie intake, BMI, and physical activity | Day napping (Hours) 0 1 1 Sleep (Hours) 5 5–6 7–8 9 |
OR 1.0 1.23 (1.18–1.29) 1.55 (1.45–1.66) 1.46 (1.31–1.63) 1.11 (1.06–1.16) 1.0 1.11 (0.99–1.24) |
| [100] | 2011 | RS | CSS | 3470 (5.2%) | 61.8/ 38.2 | 25 | Taiwan | - | BMI, WHR, family history of diabetes, family history of hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption and coffee intake | Sleep (Hours) 6 6–8.49 8.5 |
OR 1.55 (1.07–2.24) 1.0 2.83 (1.19–6.73) |
| [51] | 2012 | EPIC-Potsdam [101] | PCS | 23620 (3.6%) | 38.63/ 61.37 | 35–65 | Germany | 7.8 | Age, sex, sleeping disorders, alcohol intake, smoking, walking, cycling, sports, employment status, education, BMI, WHR, hypertension, caffeinated beverages, life satisfaction, health satisfaction, and intake of antidepressants | Sleep (Hours) 6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9 |
HR 1.06 (0.80–1.40) 0.94 (0.78–1.14) 1.0 0.92 (0.77–1.10) 1.05 (0.82–1.33) |
| [102] | 2012 | RS | PCS | 3570 | 78.6/ 21.4 (3.4%) | 35–55 | Japan | 4 | Age, sex, fasting plasma glucose level, education, working hours, shift work, rate of sedentary work, occupational stress, smoking, alcohol intake and physical exercise | Sleep (Hours) 5 5–6 6–7 7–8 |
OR 5.37 (1.38–20.91) 1.38 (0.50–3.79) 1.57 (0.64–3.83) 1.0 |
| [53] | 2012 | NHIS [103] | CSS | 29818 | 53.5/ 46.5 | 18–85 | Blacks and whites (USA) | 10 | Age, sex, income, hypertension, heart disease, depression and obesity | Sleep (Hours) 6–8 5 (Blacks) 5 (Whites) 9 (Blacks) 9 (Whites) |
OR 1.0 1.66 (1.19–2.30) 1.87 (1.57–2.24) 1.68 (1.21–2.33) 2.33 (1.98–2.73) |
| [104] | 2013 | IHHP [105] | CSS | 12514 | 49/ 51 | 19 | – | – | Age, sex, BMI, and waist circumference | Sleep (Hours) 5 6 7–8 9 |
OR 1.62 (1.33–1.99) 0.92 (0.75–1.13) 1.0 1.10 (0.83–1.44) |
| [106] | 2013 | MC [107] | PCS | 47093 (1.85%) | 74.4/ 25.6 | Mean 34.9 | USA | 6 | Age, sex, BMI, education and race | Sleep (Hours) 5 5 6 7 8 8 |
OR 2.04 (1.49–2.8) 1.46 (1.15–1.84) 1.19 (0.99–1.43) 1.0 1.17 (0.95–1.45) 1.30 (0.93–1.81) |
| [54] | 2013 | NHIS [103] | CSS | 130943 (10.12%) | 99.75/ 0.25 | Mean 50.6 | Blacks and whites (USA) | 7 | Age, sex, household income, poverty status, education, occupation, employment status, alcohol consumption, smoking, leisure time physical activity, marital status, heart disease, hypertension, and BMI | Sleep (Hours) 7 6 (Blacks) 6 (Whites) 8 (Blacks) 8 (Whites) |
OR 1.0 1.08 (0.95–1.23) 1.16 (1.07–1.25) 1.01 (0.89–1.15) 1.17 (1.09–1.26) |
| [108] | 2013 | 45 and up [109] | PCS | 156902 | 36/ 64 | 50–82 | Australia | - | Age, sex, education, marital status, residential remoteness, alcohol consumption, smoking status, health insurance status, income, BMI, physical activity and baseline health | Sleep (Hours) 7 6 |
HR 1.0 1.29 (1.08–1.53) |
DIS-Difficulty Initiating Sleep, DMS-Difficulty Maintaining Sleep, EPIC-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, FIN D2D-Finnish type 2 Diabetes, HIPOP-OHP-High risk and Population Strategy for Occupational Health Promotion, IHHP-Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, IRAS-Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study, M-Men, MC-Millennium Cohort, MMAS-Massachusetts Male Aging Study, MONICA-Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease, MPP-Malmo Preventive Project, NHANES-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHIS-National Health Interview Survey, NHS-Nurse Health Study, NHW-Non Hispanic Whites, NIH AARP-National Institutes of Health American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study, QFS-Quebec Family Study, RS-Random Sample, SHHS-Sleep Heart Health Study, W-Women, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CSS-Cross-Sectional Study.