Table 4.

Characteristics and findings of the studies examining the association between depression and type 2 diabetes.

Work	Year	Study	Design	Sample size (%DM)	%M/W	Age (Years)	Ethnicity	Follow-up Duration (Years)	Adjusted variables	Findings
[137]	1991	RS	PCS	2380 (1.72%)	100/0	$⩾$18	Japanese	8	Age	Depression (SDS score) 20–39 40–47 48–80	HR 1.0 1.07 (0.53–2.13) 2.32 (1.06–5.08)
[155]	1996	ECAPS [156]	-	1715 (5.2%)	37.8/ 62.2	$⩾$18	USA	13	Age, sex, race and BMI	Depression No Yes	OR 1.0 2.23 (0.90–5.55)
[157]	2003	NHANES I [88]	PCS	6190	45.7/ 54.3	25–74	Whites and Non-whites (USA)	15.6	Age, sex and race	Depression No Mild Major	RR 1.0 1.24 (0.91–1.70) 2.52 (1.73–3.67)
[158]	2004	ARIC [36]	PCS	11615	44.85/ 55.15	48–67	Whites and Non-whites (USA)	6	Age, sex, race, study site, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, BMI, WHR, systolic BP, physical activity, total calorie intake, smoking status, and education	Depression No Low Mild Major	HR 1.0 1.12 (0.90–1.39) 1.03 (0.81–1.31) 1.31 (1.04–1.64)
[136]	2004	SWAN [159]	PCS	2662 (3.64%)	0/100	42–52	Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, Japanese-American and Chinese-American	3	Age, study site, race, education, and medication use	Depressed African-Americans are 2.56 times more likely rightarrow have diabetes.
[160]	2007	NTHS [123]	PCS	37291	47.2/ 52.8	$⩾$29	Norwegian	10	Age, sex, education, smoking, physical activity, BMI, WHR, waist circumference, and marital status	Depression No Yes	OR 1.0 1.40 (1.16–1.69)
[138]	2007	CHS [161]	PCS	4681	40.8/ 59.2	$⩾$65	USA	8	Age, race, sex, educational level, marital status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, and reactive protein level	Depression (CES-D score) $<$8 $⩾$8	OR 1.0 1.57 (1.07–2.29)
[139]	2014	RBHCDS	-	971	43/ 57	$⩾$50	California	8	Age, sex, BMI and exercise	Depression (BDI score) $<$11 $⩾$11	OR 1.0 2.50 (1.29–4.87)

RS-Random Sample, SDS-Self rating Depression Scale, ECAPS-Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program Survey, NHANES-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, ARIC-Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, RNH-RegistratieNet Huisarts Praktijken, SWAN-Study of Womens’ Health Across the Nation, NTHS-Nord Trondelag Health Study, CHS-Cardiovascular Health Study, CESD-Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, RBHCDS-Rancho Bernardo Heart and Chronic Disease Study, BDI-Beck Depression Inventory, M-Men, W-Women, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CSS-Cross-Sectional Study.