Table 7.

Characteristics and findings of the studies examining the association between hypertension and type 2 diabetes.

Work	Year	Study	Design	Sample size (%DM)	%M/W	Age (Years)	Ethnicity	Follow-up duration (Years)	Adjusted variables	Findings
[166]	1999	RS	PCS	7594 (7.9%)	100/0	30–65	Japanese	16	Age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, leisure time physical activity, and parental history of diabetes	Blood pressure in mmHg $⩽$130/$⩽$85 130–139/85–89 $⩾$139/$⩾$89	RR 1.0 1.39 (1.14–1.69) 1.76 (1.43–2.16)
[167]	2000	ARIC [36]	PCS	12550	44.39/ 55.61	45–64	Blacks and Whites (USA)	3 and 6	Age, sex, race, BMI, WHR, educational level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting serum insulin concentration, history of hypercholesterolemia, cardiovuscular diseases, pulmonary dieseases, renal insufficiency, and family history of diabetes	Hypertension medication None ACE inhibitor Beta-blocker Calcium-channel antagonist Thiazide diuretic	HR 1.0 0.98 (0.72–1.34) 1.28 (1.04–1.57) 1.17 (0.83–1.66) 0.91 (0.73–1.13)
[168]	2007	WHS [185]	PCS	38172 (4.38%)	0/100	$⩾$45	USA	10.2	Age, ethnicity, smoking, BMI, exercise, alcohol consumption, history of hypercholesterolameia, educational level, family history of diabetes, and randomized treatment assignments	Blood pressure in mmHg 120–129/75–84 130–139/85–89 $⩾$140/$⩾$90	HR 1.0 1.45 (1.23–1.71) 2.03 (1.77–2.32)
[170]	2011	ARIC [36], CARDIA [186], and FHS [187]	PCS	10893 (9.45%)	43/57	35–54	African-American and Whites (USA)	Median 8.9	Age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose, DL cholesterol and triglycerids	Blood pressure in mmHg $\mathit{leq}$119/$\mathit{leq}79$ 120–139/80–89 $⩾$140/$⩾$90	HR 1.0 1.32 (1.09–1.61) 1.25 (1.03–1.53)
[188]	2012	GPPS [189]	PCS	7494 (12.02%)	100/0	47–55	Swedish	35	Age, BMI, cholesterol level, antihypertensive treatment, smoking, physical activity and occupational class	Blood pressure in mmHg $\mathit{leq}$129 130–159 $⩾$160 $⩽$84 85–89 $⩾$90	HR 1.0 1.43 (1.12–1.84) 1.95 (1.55–2.46) 1.0 1.34 (1.12–1.62) 1.08 (1.06–1.11)
[169]	2015	KGES [190]	PCS	7150 (14.7%)	47.46/ 52.54	40–69	Korean	8	Age, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, family history of diabetes, education, alcohol consumption and smoking status	Blood pressure in mmHg $⩽$120/$⩽$80 120–139/80–89 (M) 120–139/80–89 (W) $⩾$140/$⩾$90 (M) $⩾$140/$⩾$90 (W)	HR 1.0 1.24 (1.01–1.52) 1.30 (1.03–1.64) 1.65 (1.34–2.05) 1.34 (1.05–1.70)

RS-Random Sample, ARIC-Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, WHS, Women’s Health Study, CARDIA-Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, FHS-Framingham Heart Study, GPPS-Gothenburg Primary Prevention Study, KGES-Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, M-Men, W-Women, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study.