Table 9.

Characteristics and findings of the studies examining the association between family history of diabetes and type 2 diabetes.

Work	Year	Study	Design	Sample size (%DM)	%M/W	Age (Years)	Ethnicity	Follow-up duration (Years)	Adjusted variables	Findings
[204]	1981	RS	-	3177	-	>5	Pima Indians	-	Age and BMI	Family History No Mother/father both	OR 1.0 2.3 3.9
[195]	1993	SAHS	-	4914	43/ 57	Mean 42–44.8	Mexicans, Americans and Non-Hispanics	9	Age and ethnicity	Family History No Mother father both Family History No Mother father both	OR (Men) 1.0 3.44 (2.32–5.12) 3.49 (2.16–5.64) 3.73 (1.72–8.08) OR (Women) 1.0 2.03 (1.47–2.81) 1.35 (0.83–2.19) 2.59 (1.41–4.77)
[200]	1993	MRFIT [40], [41], [42]	-	5905	100/0	-	Blacks and Whites (USA)	6	Age	Family History No Mother/father Family History No Mother/father	RR (Black) 1.0 3.62 (1.55–8.47) RR (White) 1.0 1.85 (1.38–2.48)
[205]	1994	MA	PCS	11334	M/W	$⩾$40	Taiwan	-	-	Family History Age at onset 40–49 No Mother father Family History Age at onset 50–59 No Mother father Family History Age at onset $⩾$60 No Mother father	OR 1.0 4.41 (1.71–10.13) 2.21 (0.25–8.86) RR 1.0 1.57 (0.40–4.41) 2.80 (0.54–9.07) RR 1.0 1.22 (0.38–3.05) 0.56 (0.01–3.31)
[194]	1995	THHP	-	7210 (12.81%)	100/0	45–68	Japanese-American	6	Age, BMI, subscapular skinfold, triceps ratio, physical activity, glucose, triglycerids, and systolic blood pressure	Family History No yes	OR 1.0 1.73 (1.29–2.33)
[201]	2000	RS	PCS	1947 (7.34%)	100/0	Mean 49.5–50.3	Norway	22.5	Age, BMI, fasting glucose, fitness and triglycerids	Family History No Mother Father Both	OR 1.0 2.51 (1.55–4.07) 1.41 (0.657–3.05) 3.96 (1.22–12.9)
[198]	2000	EPIC [101]	CSS	6473	45.54/ 54.46	45–74	USA	22.5	Age and sex	Family History No BMI 22.5–24.9 BMI 27.5–29.9 BMI 30–34.9 BMI $⩾$35 Yes BMI $⩽$22.4 BMI 22.5–24.9 BMI 25–27.4 BMI 27.5–29.9 BMI 30–34.9 BMI $⩾$35	OR 1.0 2.0 (1.2–3.1) 2.5 (1.6–4.0) 6.1 (3.4–11.2) 1.1 (0.2–5.1) 2.6 (1.3–5.3) 2.8 (1.5–5.3) 2.2(1.1–4.6) 6.4 (3.6–11.3) 26.7 (14.4–49.4)
[202]	2000	FHS [187]	-	2527	M/W	26–82	African-American and White (USA)	40	Age	Family History No Mother Father Both	OR 1.0 3.4 (2.3–4.9) 3.5 (2.3–5.2) 6.1 (2.9–13.0)
[203]	2001	MONICA [35]	CSS	12751	49.6/ 50.4	-	Germany	-	Age and sex	Family History No Mother Father	OR 1.0 2.9 (2.3–3.6) 2.8 (2.1–3.8)
[197]	2007	NHANES [88]	-	16388	49.3/ 50.7	$⩾$18	USA	6	sex, race/ethnicity, age, BMI, hypertension, and household income	Family History Average risk Moderate risk High risk	OR 1.0 2.3 5.5
[199]	2009	NHANES [88]	CSS	10899	48/ 52	Mean 51.3–61	Blacks, Whites and Hispanics	5	Age and sex	Black Average risk, BMI$⩽$24.9 High risk, BMI$⩽$24.9 High risk, 25$⩽$BMI$⩽$29.9 High risk, BMI$⩾$30 Hispanic Average risk, BMI$⩽$24.9 High risk, BMI$⩽$24.9 High risk, 25$⩽$BMI$⩽$29.9 High risk, BMI$⩾$30	OR 1.0 20.4 (6.5–64.5) 5.2 (2.2–12.3) 5.0 (2.5–10.3) 1.0 14.0 (3.4–58.0) 5.6 (1.8–17.3) 8.5 (3.8–19.4)
[196]	2011	RS	CSS	3723	49.1/ 50.9	7–15	Mexican	2	Age, sex, and BMI	Family History No vYes	OR 1.0 11.7 (9.5–21.2)
[193]	2016	MIDUS 1 and 2 [212]	-	978	45/ 55	34–84	Black and White (USA)	-	Age, sex, and socioeconomic status	Family History No Yes	OR 1.0 2.77 (2.03–3.78)

RS-Random Sample, SAHS-San Antonio Heart Study, MRFIT-Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, MA-Meta Analysis, THHP-The Honolulu Heart Program, EPIC-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer, FHS-Framingham Heart Study, MONICA-Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease, NHANES-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, PD-Prediabetes, IFG-Impaired Fasting Glucose, IGT-Impaired Glucose Tolerance, M-Men, W-Women, PCS-Prospective Cohort Study, CSS-Cross-Sectional Study.