Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With and Without Filled Prescription for Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors.
| Variable | SGLT2 inhibitor treatmenta | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 853 730) | Yes (n = 81 007) | ||
| Age, median (IQR), y | 68 (58-75) | 58 (50-67) | <.001 |
| Female | 439 542 (51.5) | 34 420 (42.5) | <.001 |
| Male | 414 105 (48.5) | 46 587 (57.5) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Asian | 40 663 (4.8) | 3592 (4.4) | <.001 |
| Black | 101 350 (11.9) | 8765 (10.8) | |
| Latinx | 127 805 (15.0) | 13 082 (16.1) | |
| White | 489 074 (57.3) | 48 958 (60.4) | |
| Unknown | 94 838 (11.1) | 6610 (8.2) | |
| Region | |||
| Midwest | 174 282 (20.4) | 17 607 (21.7) | <.001 |
| Northeast | 112 862 (13.2) | 7378 (9.1) | |
| South | 371 113 (43.5) | 41 781 (51.6) | |
| West | 193 496 (22.7) | 14 124 (17.4) | |
| Unknown | 1977 (0.2) | 117 (0.1) | |
| Zip code–linked household income, $ | |||
| <50 000 | 257 661 (30.2) | 20 109 (24.8) | <.001 |
| 50 000-99 999 | 256 101 (30.0) | 25 008 (30.9) | |
| ≥100 000 | 157 931 (18.5) | 20 783 (25.7) | |
| Unknown | 182 037 (21.3) | 15 107 (18.6) | |
| Insurance type | |||
| Commercial | 305 871 (35.8) | 55 439 (68.4) | <.001 |
| Medicare Advantage | 547 859 (64.2) | 25 568 (31.6) | |
| Insurance plan type | |||
| Exclusive provider organization | 39 546 (4.6) | 7769 (9.6) | <.001 |
| Health maintenance organization | 240 970 (28.2) | 14 896 (18.4) | |
| Indemnity | 8604 (1.0) | 668 (0.8) | |
| Point of service | 300 070 (35.1) | 14 731 (18.2) | |
| Preferred provider organization | 214 162 (25.1) | 40 488 (50.0) | |
| Other | 50 378 (5.9) | 2455 (3.0) | |
| Comorbiditiesb | |||
| Dyslipidemia | 731 363 (85.7) | 71 106 (87.8) | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 67 452 (7.9) | 4950 (6.1) | <.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 159 292 (18.7) | 9580 (11.8) | <.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 87 515 (10.3) | 4970 (6.1) | <.001 |
| Obesity | 272 134 (31.9) | 32 561 (40.2) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 703 155 (82.4) | 65 877 (81.3) | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 152 744 (17.9) | 8233 (10.2) | <.001 |
| HFrEF | 24 802 (2.9) | 1252 (1.5) | <.001 |
| HFpEF | 24 647 (2.9) | 1009 (1.2) | <.001 |
| Elixhauser comorbidities, No.b | |||
| 0-1 | 198 783 (23.3) | 23 816 (29.4) | <.001 |
| 2-3 | 325 784 (38.2) | 34 115 (42.1) | |
| 4-6 | 235 725 (27.6) | 18 509 (22.8) | |
| ≥7 | 93 438 (10.9) | 4567 (5.6) | |
| Elixhauser comorbidities, mean (SD), No.b | 3.4 (2.4) | 2.8 (2.0) | <.001 |
| Visits to an endocrinology specialist, No. per 12 mo | |||
| 0 | 779 734 (91.3) | 61 170 (75.5) | <.001 |
| 1 | 32 792 (3.8) | 7216 (8.9) | |
| >1 | 41 204 (4.8) | 12 621 (15.6) | |
| Visits to a cardiology specialist, No. per 12 mo | |||
| 0 | 639 287 (74.9) | 60 851 (75.1) | <.001 |
| 1 | 103 383 (12.1) | 11 019 (13.6) | |
| >1 | 111 060 (13.0) | 9137 (11.3) | |
| Medications | |||
| Metformin | 437 605 (51.3) | 53 229 (65.7) | <.001 |
| Insulin | 117 310 (13.7) | 21 081 (26.0) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: HFpEF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; IQR, interquartile range; SGLT2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2.
a
Data are presented as number (percentage) of individuals unless otherwise indicated.
b
From beginning of available data to date of cohort study entry.