Table 2.
Unadjusted means, standard deviations, effect sizes, and main analyses of change from baseline to follow-up in mindfulness-based stress reduction for teens and control groups
| Primary Outcomes | Mean and Standard Deviation | Statistic | ||||||||
| MBSR-T (n = 21) | CTRL (n = 17) | Effect | Cohen’s d | Estimate | SE | t | p | |||
| CRP | Interaction | −0.34 | −0.35 | 0.4 | − 0.88 | .39 | ||||
| Baseline | 1.16 | 3.82 | 2.39 | 5.75 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 0.83 | 1.45 | 0.99 | 1.32 | ||||||
| IL-6 | Interaction | −0.03 | −0.02 | 0.38 | −0.07 | .95 | ||||
| Baseline | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.83 | 1.19 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 0.46 | 0.32 | 0.66 | 0.65 | ||||||
| Cortisol | ||||||||||
| Baseline, Pre | 0.12 | 0.89 | −0.16 | 1.15 | ||||||
| Baseline, Post | −0.22 | 0.88 | 0.27 | 1.10 | Interaction | 0.45 | 0.77 | 0.38 | 2.02 | <.05 |
| Follow-up, Pre | −0.21 | 1.054 | 0.34 | 0.85 | Interaction | 0.50 | 1.04 | 0.44 | 2.37 | <.05 |
| Follow-up, Post | 0.05 | 1.16 | −0.08 | 0.76 | Interaction | 0.18 | 0.38 | 0.44 | 0.86 | .40 |
| Stress | ||||||||||
| Baseline, Pre | 2.80 | 1.11 | 2.29 | 0.69 | ||||||
| Baseline, Post | 3.65 | 0.99 | 3.35 | 0.70 | Interaction | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.58 | .56 |
| Follow-up, Pre | 2.13 | 1.19 | 2.55 | 0.82 | Interaction | 0.52 | 0.99 | 0.41 | 2.42 | <.05 |
| Follow-up, Post | 3.13 | 1.13 | 3.90 | 0.88 | Interaction | 0.68 | 1.34 | 0.42 | 3.22 | <.01 |
| Secondary Outcomes | Mean and Standard Deviation | Statistic | ||||||||
| MBSR-T (n = 21) | CTRL (n = 17) | Effect | Cohen’s d | Estimate | SE | t | p | |||
| Depression | Interaction | 0.69 | 2.71 | 1.49 | 1.82 | .08 | ||||
| Baseline | 6.81 | 4.53 | 9.39 | 6.54 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 3.82 | 4.61 | 8.17 | 8.07 | ||||||
| Exploratory Outcomes | Mean and Standard Deviation | Statistic | ||||||||
| MBSR-T (n = 21) | CTRL (n = 17) | Effect | Cohen’s d | Estimate | SE | t | p | |||
| Substance Use | ||||||||||
| All | Interaction | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.25 | 0.51 | .61 | ||||
| Baseline | 1.48 | 1.91 | 3.12 | 5.17 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 1.52 | 2.69 | 3.59 | 7.62 | ||||||
| Alcohol | Interaction | 0.51 | 0.4 | 0.28 | 1.41 | .17 | ||||
| Baseline | 0.71 | 0.85 | 0.59 | 1.06 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 0.78 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.28 | ||||||
| Marijuana | Interaction | 0.86 | 0.53 | 0.23 | 2.34 | <.05 | ||||
| Baseline | 0.57 | 1.29 | 0.59 | 1.06 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 0.50 | 1.34 | 1.08 | 1.68 | ||||||
| Mindfulness | Interaction | 0.21 | 2.41 | 3.95 | 0.61 | .55 | ||||
| Baseline | 53.83 | 9.92 | 49.47 | 7.25 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 58.12 | 12.39 | 55.75 | 15.73 | ||||||
| Resilience | Interaction | 0.04 | 0.19 | 1.94 | 0.1 | .92 | ||||
| Baseline | 25.1 | 6.67 | 25.18 | 6.87 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 25.82 | 7.58 | 27.75 | 8.30 | ||||||
| FKBP5 | Interaction | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.65 | .52 | ||||
| Baseline | 5.26 | 0.85 | 5.35 | 0.78 | ||||||
| Follow-up | 5.25 | 1.22 | 5.58 | 0.52 | ||||||
Note. Stress is the self-reported anxious arousal prior to and after the stress induction task. Cortisol is measured in μg/dL. IL-6 is measured in pg/mL. CRP is measured in mg/L.
Abbreviations: CRP C-reactive protein, CTRL Control, IL-6 interleukin-6, MBSR-T Mindfulness Based-Stress Reduction for Teens