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. 2021 Apr 16;12:244. doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02246-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Sixth-month graft biopsies. a Representative sections of livers stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), including cases of nonrejection and rejection during MSC or rituximab treatment (×200 magnification). Severe portal vein endotheliitis and bile duct damage in liver biopsy specimens were observed with rejection (RAIS: 6–7). Mild portal inflammation and bile duct inflammation and damage were observed without rejection (RAIS: 1–3). RAIS=P(n1) + V(n2) + B(n3). b Representative IHC images of CD4, CD8, C4d, and CD20 staining, including cases of nonrejection and rejection during MSC or rituximab treatment (× 200 magnification). The positive staining of CD4 and CD8 reflects the inflammatory infiltration of T cells with rejection. The positive staining of C4d and CD20 suggests AMR. Abbreviations: MSC mesenchymal stem cell, RAIS rejection activity indexes, P(n1) scores for portal inflammation, V(n2) scores for venous endothelial inflammation, B(n3) scores for bile duct inflammation damage, AMR antibody-mediated rejection