Table 2.
Comparison of risk factors and CAC measures by CHD, CVD, and total mortality status in women and men with diabetes
| CHD death | CVD death | Total death | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | P value | Yes | No | P value | Yes | No | P value | |
| Women | |||||||||
| Diabetes (n = 1,461) | 26 (20.6) | 1,435 (6.6) | <0.0001 | 57 (19.5) | 1,404 (6.5) | <0.0001 | 156 (15.0) | 1,305 (6.2) | <0.0001 |
| Age, years (n = 1,461) | 72.8 ± 11.2 | 59.8 ± 10.8 | <0.0001 | 70.6 ± 11.3 | 59.6 ± 10.7 | <0.0001 | 69.7 ± 10.9 | 58.9 ± 10.4 | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (n = 736) | 28.3 ± 5.3 | 29.5 ± 7.3 | 0.58 | 28.7 ± 7.2 | 29.5 ± 7.3 | 0.54 | 28.7 ± 7.0 | 29.5 ± 7.3 | 0.38 |
| Race/ethnicity (n = 907) | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.10 | ||||||
| White | 8 (57.1) | 648 (72.6) | 19 (52.8) | 637 (73.1) | 57 (64.8) | 599 (73.1) | |||
| Asian | 1 (7.1) | 68 (7.6) | 3 (8.3) | 66 (7.6) | 6 (6.8) | 63 (7.7) | |||
| Black | 1 (7.1) | 62 (6.9) | 6 (16.7) | 57 (6.5) | 11 (12.5) | 52 (6.4) | |||
| Hispanic | 4 (28.6) | 91 (10.2) | 8 (22.2) | 87 (10.0) | 13 (14.8) | 82 (10.0) | |||
| Other | 0 (0.00) | 24 (2.7) | 0 (0.00) | 24 (2.8) | 1 (1.1) | 23 (2.8) | |||
| Current smoker (n = 1,461) | 3 (11.5) | 132 (9.2) | 0.68 | 9 (15.8) | 126 (9.0) | 0.08 | 25 (16.0) | 110 (8.4) | 0.002 |
| Hyperlipidemia (n = 1,461) | 21 (80.8) | 912 (63.6) | 0.07 | 45 (79.0) | 888 (63.3) | 0.02 | 112 (71.8) | 821 (62.9) | 0.03 |
| Hypertension (n = 1,461) | 20 (76.9) | 861 (60.0) | 0.08 | 45 (79.0) | 836 (59.5) | 0.003 | 112 (71.8) | 769 (58.9) | 0.002 |
| Any family history of CHD (n = 1,461) | 15 (57.7) | 719 (50.1) | 0.44 | 30 (52.6) | 704 (50.1) | 0.71 | 81 (51.9) | 653 (50.0) | 0.66 |
| Total CAC Agatston score (n = 1,461) | 960.1 ± 1,176.4 | 255.2 ± 693.1 | 0.005 | 1,116.7 ± 1,578.5 | 233.3 ± 628.3 | <0.0001 | 869.9 ± 1,434.5 | 195.8 ± 520.9 | <0.0001 |
| ASCVD risk score (n = 1,461) | 0.39 ± 0.24 | 0.15 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 | 0.36 ± 0.23 | 0.14 ± 0.15 | <0.0001 | 0.32 ± 0.22 | 0.13 ± 0.14 | <0.0001 |
| Total CAC Agatston score (n = 1,461) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (3.9) | 566 (39.4) | 5 (8.8) | 562 (40.0) | 19 (12.2) | 548 (42.0) | |||
| 1–100 | 4 (15.4) | 425 (29.6) | 6 (10.5) | 423 (30.1) | 32 (20.5) | 397 (30.4) | |||
| 101–400 | 8 (30.8) | 223 (15.5) | 15 (26.3) | 216 (15.4) | 37 (23.7) | 194 (14.9) | |||
| ≥401 | 13 (50.0) | 221 (15.4) | 31 (54.4) | 203 (14.5) | 68 (43.6) | 166 (12.7) | |||
| Total CAC lesions (n = 892) | 10.7 ± 14.7 | 4.5 ± 8.3 | 0.16 | 11.2 ± 14.2 | 4.4 ± 8.1 | <0.0001 | 8.1 ± 10.9 | 4.2 ± 8.0 | 0.001 |
| Number of CAC vessels (n = 1,198) | 0.0006 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (4.8) | 503 (42.7) | 5 (10.6) | 499 (43.4) | 17 (14.2) | 487 (45.2) | |||
| 1 | 3 (14.3) | 192 (16.3) | 3 (6.4) | 192 (16.7) | 19 (15.8) | 176 (16.3) | |||
| 2 | 4 (19.1) | 178 (15.1) | 9 (19.2) | 173 (15.0) | 22 (18.3) | 160 (14.8) | |||
| 3 | 10 (47.6) | 196 (16.7) | 16 (34.0) | 190 (16.5) | 32 (26.7) | 174 (16.1) | |||
| 4 | 3 (14.3) | 108 (9.2) | 14 (29.8) | 97 (8.4) | 30 (25.0) | 81 (7.5) | |||
| Total CAC Volume (mm3) (n = 686) | 631.1 ± 696.9 | 214.3 ± 556.9 | 0.006 | 777.5 ± 938.1 | 193.0 ± 519.6 | 0.0008 | 693.0 ± 1,000.3 | 162.5 ± 443.0 | <0.0001 |
| Lesion size (HU/mm3) (total volume score/total lesions) (n = 153) | 69.0 ± 40.8 | 29.6 ± 32.5 | 0.09 | 52.4 ± 26.0 | 28.5 ± 32.7 | 0.03 | 39.8 | 28.4 ± 33.7 | 0.13 |
| Men | |||||||||
| Diabetes (n = 3,042) | 81 (20.4) | 2,961 (6.7) | <0.0001 | 118 (17.4) | 2,924 (6.7) | <0.0001 | 334 (15.8) | 2,708 (6.4) | <0.0001 |
| Age, years (n = 3,042) | 67.4 ± 10.7 | 57.9 ± 10.5 | <0.0001 | 67.3 ± 11.2 | 57.73 ± 10.4 | <0.0001 | 65.88 ± 11.3 | 57.14 ± 10.1 | <0.0001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (n = 1,498) | 28.4 ± 6.3 | 30.1 ± 5.8 | 0.11 | 29.8 ± 7.4 | 30.03 ± 5.7 | 0.83 | 29.25 ± 6.4 | 30.10 ± 5.7 | 0.12 |
| Race/ethnicity (n = 1,841) | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.0002 | ||||||
| White | 42 (70.0) | 1,375 (77.2) | 67 (76.1) | 1,350 (77.0) | 161 (71.9) | 1,256 (77.7) | |||
| Asian | 2 (3.3) | 119 (6.7) | 3 (3.4) | 118 (6.7) | 13 (5.8) | 108 (6.7) | |||
| Black | 10 (16.7) | 96 (5.4) | 11 (12.5) | 95 (5.4) | 27 (12.1) | 79 (4.9) | |||
| Hispanic | 6 (10.0) | 144 (8.1) | 7 (8.0) | 143 (8.2) | 21 (9.4) | 129 (8.0) | |||
| Other | 0 (0.0) | 47 (2.6) | 0 (0.00) | 47 (2.7) | 2 (0.9) | 45 (2.8) | |||
| Current smoker (n = 3,042) | 8 (9.9) | 337 (11.4) | 0.67 | 14 (11.9) | 331 (11.3) | 0.85 | 42 (12.6) | 303 (11.2) | 0.45 |
| Hyperlipidemia (n = 3,042) | 60 (74.1) | 1,818 (61.4) | 0.02 | 82 (69.5) | 1,796 (61.4) | 0.08 | 206 (61.7) | 1,672 (61.7) | 0.98 |
| Hypertension (n = 3,042) | 45 (55.6) | 1,571 (53.1) | 0.67 | 62 (52.5) | 1,554 (53.2) | 0.90 | 193 (57.8) | 1,423 (52.6) | 0.07 |
| Any family history of CHD (n = 3,042) | 39 (48.2) | 1,209 (40.8) | 0.19 | 55 (46.6) | 1,193 (40.8) | 0.21 | 135 (40.4) | 1,113 (41.1) | 0.81 |
| Total CAC Agatston score (n = 3,042) | 1,482.8 ± 1,710.7 | 453.4 ± 922.5 | <0.0001 | 1,262.8 ± 1,557.3 | 449.3 ± 920.7 | <0.0001 | 961.7 ± 1,285.0 | 421.5 ± 901.5 | <0.0001 |
| ASCVD risk score (n = 3,042) | 0.35 ± 0.17 | 0.22 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 | 0.36 ± 0.18 | 0.21 ± 0.16 | <0.0001 | 0.34 ± 0.19 | 0.21 ± 0.15 | <0.0001 |
| Total CAC Agatston score (n = 3,042) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 0 | 2 (2.47) | 594 (20.1) | 6 (5.1) | 590 (20.2) | 21 (6.3) | 575 (21.3) | |||
| 1–100 | 10 (12.4) | 910 (30.7) | 18 (15.3) | 902 (30.9) | 61 (18.3) | 859 (31.7) | |||
| 101–400 | 11 (13.7) | 628 (21.2) | 20 (17.0) | 619 (21.2) | 76 (22.8) | 563 (20.8) | |||
| ≥401 | 58 (71.6) | 829 (28.0) | 74 (62.7) | 813 (27.8) | 176 (52.7) | 711 (26.3) | |||
| Total CAC Lesions (n = 1,954) | 16.0 ± 12.8 | 7.8 ± 11.2 | <0.0001 | 14.5 ± 13.0 | 7.7 ± 11.1 | <0.0001 | 12.4 ± 13.7 | 7.4 ± 10.8 | <0.0001 |
| Number of CAC vessels (n = 2,382) | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||||
| 0 | 1 (1.5) | 554 (23.9) | 4 (4.1) | 551 (24.1) | 19 (7.4) | 536 (25.2) | |||
| 1 | 2 (3.0) | 341 (14.7) | 5 (5.2) | 338 (14.8) | 17 (6.6) | 326 (15.3) | |||
| 2 | 6 (9.1) | 391 (16.9) | 14 (14.4) | 383 (16.8) | 32 (12.5) | 365 (17.2) | |||
| 3 | 24 (36.4) | 634 (27.4) | 33 (34.0) | 625 (27.4) | 93 (36.2) | 565 (26.6) | |||
| 4 | 33 (50.0) | 396 (17.1) | 41 (42.3) | 388 (17.0) | 96 (37.4) | 333 (15.7) | |||
| Total CAC volume (mm3) (n = 1,361) | 1,549.5 ± 1,627.1 | 376.1 ± 749.0 | 0.0005 | 1,202 ± 1,456 | 372.70 ± 746.8 | 0.0003 | 939.6 ± 1,182.2 | 343.8 ± 720.0 | <0.0001 |
| Lesion size (HU/mm3) (total volume score/total lesions) (n = 471) | 45.9 ± 28.3 | 28.4 ± 29.8 | 0.12 | 39.2 ± 36.6 | 28.2 ± 29.5 | 0.14 | 43.2 ± 31.8 | 26.5 ± 28.9 | <0.0001 |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or as n (%). P < 0.05 is statistically significant.