Figure 1.

Perinatal fentanyl exposure does not influence dam health or maternal care. A, Timeline depicting fentanyl exposure on dams, maternal care behavior, and pup retrieval test. There was no difference in dam weight (B), liquid consumption (C), or food consumption (D) across all concentrations of fentanyl tested. E, Fentanyl exposure did not adversely affect passive maternal care behaviors during PD1–PD7. F–J, There were no differences between exposure groups in latencies to sniff, retrieve pups, start nest building, or crouch over pups. Data depict means for parametric or medians for non-parametric comparisons with 95% confidence intervals.