Table 1. Demographic and clinical information of the participants.
| ACA | Healthy controls | |
|---|---|---|
| Age in years M (SD) range | 61.3 (8.9) | 62.2 (9.8) |
| 50–74 y | 47–79 y | |
| Gender | 70.0% male | 35.7% male |
| Handedness | 100.0% right-handed | 92.9% right-handed |
| Age at epilepsy onset M (SD) + range | 35.0 (14.6) | - |
| 15–59 y | ||
| Duration of epilepsy M (SD) + range | 22.3 (15.2) | - |
| 1–50 y | ||
| Type of epilepsy | 40.0% cryptogenic localization-related | - |
| 40.0% symptomatic | ||
| 20.0% idiopathic | ||
| Dominant seizure type a | 10.0% simple partial | - |
| 20.0% complex partial | ||
| 20.0% absence | ||
| 0.0% tonic-clonic | ||
| 50.0% seizure free | ||
| Status epilepticus | 50.0% yes | |
| Seizure frequency | 50.0% seizure (sz) free | - |
| 0.0% < 1 sz/y | ||
| 20.0% 1–5 sz/y | ||
| 20.0% 1 sz per 2 months | ||
| 0.0% monthly sz | ||
| 10.0% weekly sz | ||
| 0.0% daily sz | ||
| Drug load b | 1.5 (0.4) | - |
| WAIS-IV indexes | ||
| FSIQ | 76.7(8.7)* | 108.4(13.4) |
| VCI | 94.7 (10.6) | 106.2 (12.2) |
| PRI | 75.8 (6.9)* | 103.2 (13.8) |
| WMI | 79.6 (10.0)* | 104.9 (13.3) |
| PSI | 67.0 (14.4)* | 114.6 (8.7) |
| Deterioration scoresc | ||
| Det-FSIQ | -22.1 (5.0)* | -1.3 (8.2) |
| Det-VCI | -0.5 (8.9) | 0.2 (6.0) |
| Det-PRI | -21.0 (4.5)* | 0.0 (8.7) |
| Memory scores | ||
| Auditory | 93.9 (9.7)* | 109.9 (12.6) |
| Visual | 92.7 (7.0) | 102.8 (10.9) |
| Delayed memory | 93.5 (8.4)* | 106.3 (10.9) |
Note: * = p < 0.01 sign. difference between groups. WMI: Working Memory Index. PSI: Processing Speed Index.
a Dominant seizure type is determined for the two years preceding neuropsychological assessment.
b The prescribed daily dose of antiepileptic medication divided by the defined daily dose.
c The deterioration scores = [WAIS-IV (actual) IQ-scores—OPIE-IV (premorbid) IQ-scores]