Table 3. Multivariable linear regression of potential predictors on perceived stress among healthcare workers in Ghana (N = 414).
| Perceived stress scores | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
| β | [95% CI] | β | [95% CI] | β | [95% CI] | |
| Perceived preparedness | ||||||
| Not at all prepared | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] |
| Somewhat prepared | -2.95*** | [-4.59 -1.31] | -2.29** | [-3.90 -0.68] | -1.89* | [-3.49 -0.30] |
| Prepared | -4.60*** | [-6.38 -2.83] | -3.18*** | [-4.99 -1.37] | -2.66** | [-4.48 -0.84] |
| Provider type | ||||||
| Doctor | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] |
| Nurse/related | 0.09 | [-1.66 1.85] | 0.04 | [-1.66 1.74] | 0.13 | [-1.54 1.80] |
| Other | 0.30 | [-1.81 2.41] | 0.23 | [-1.81 2.26] | 0.33 | [-1.69 2.35] |
| Region | ||||||
| Greater Accra/Ashanti | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] |
| Northern region | -2.67** | [-4.45 -0.89] | -2.80** | [-4.54 -1.07] | -3.04*** | [-4.78 -1.30] |
| Other Northern | 0.56 | [-1.17 2.30] | 0.34 | [-1.38 2.07] | -0.08 | [-1.81 1.66] |
| other Southern | -0.75 | [-2.34 0.84] | -0.87 | [-2.41 0.66] | -1.18 | [-2.73 0.37] |
| Facility type | ||||||
| Teaching hospital | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] |
| Regional/district hospital | -0.10 | [-1.76 1.56] | 0.14 | [-1.45 1.73] | 0.41 | [-1.17 2.00] |
| Health center/Other govt facility | -0.47 | [-2.41 1.47] | 0.08 | [-1.82 1.98] | 0.30 | [-1.60 2.19] |
| Private/mission facility | -0.11 | [-2.19 1.97] | 0.24 | [-1.80 2.28] | 0.26 | [-1.79 2.31] |
| Years of experience | ||||||
| 5 or less years | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] |
| 6 to 10 years | 1.59* | [0.26 2.92] | 1.45* | [0.12 2.77] | 1.45* | [0.14 2.77] |
| More than 10 years | 0.35 | [-1.20 1.90] | 0.50 | [-1.04 2.04] | 0.59 | [-0.94 2.12] |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] |
| Female | 1.16 | [-0.040 2.35] | 1.06 | [-0.11 2.22] | 0.71 | [-0.45 1.87] |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Single | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] |
| Married | -0.66 | [-1.92 0.61] | -0.78 | [-2.02 0.46] | -0.94 | [-2.17 0.28] |
| Appreciation from management | ||||||
| Not /somewhat appreciative | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | ||
| Appreciative/Very appreciative | -1.94** | [-3.10 -0.78] | -1.89** | [-3.05 -0.72] | ||
| Support from family | ||||||
| Not/a little supportive | 0.00 | [0 0] | 0.00 | [0 0] | ||
| Supportive/Very Supportive | -1.88** | [-3.13 -0.64] | -1.86** | [-3.10 -0.62] | ||
| Fearful of contracting COVID-19 | ||||||
| Not/a little fearful | 0.00 | [0 0] | ||||
| Fearful/Very fearful | 1.89** | [0.77 3.02] | ||||
| Constant | 19.2*** | [16.6 21.7] | 20.5*** | [17.9 23.1] | 19.5*** | [16.9 22.2] |
| Observations | 414.00 | 414.00 | 414.00 | |||
| R-squared | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.20 | |||
95% confidence intervals in brackets
* p<0.05
** p<0.01
*** p<0.001