Table 4.

Adjusted association of pregnancy and other clinical and demographic variables, with hospitalization, maximum length of hospital stay, moderate ventilation, invasive ventilation, and death, among COVID-19 associated female patients (18–44 years old)

Variables	Hospitalization	Max LOS (< 1 Day)	Max LOS (> = 1 Day)	Moderate Ventilation	Invasive Ventilation	Death
	aOR1 (95% CI)	$e^{\widehat{\beta }}$ 2 (95% CI)	$e^{\widehat{\beta }}$ 2 (95% CI)	aOR1 (95% CI)	aOR1 (95% CI)	aOR1 (95% CI)
Pregnant
No	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	12.26 (10.69, 14.06)	1.78 (1.67, 1.90)	0.90 (0.85, 0.95)	2.35 (1.48, 3.74)	0.89 (0.57, 1.40)	0.83 (0.30, 2.33)
Age (years) [5 years increment]3	1.07 (1.03, 1.10)	1.03 (1.02, 1.04)	1.04 (1.02, 1.06)	1.07 (0.96, 1.19)	1.19 (1.10, 1.28)	1.21 (1.05, 1.40)
Race and Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native	1.43 (1.05, 1.94)	0.84 (0.77, 0.93)	1.47 (1.27, 1.70)	2.19 (0.99, 4.86)	3.83 (2.19, 6.70)	2.76 (1.12, 6.77)
Non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander	1.21 (0.93, 1.59)	1.02 (0.94, 1.11)	1.21 (1.06, 1.38)	0.75 (0.23, 2.48)	1.22 (0.65, 2.28)	1.58 (0.53, 4.73)
Non-Hispanic Black or African American	0.91 (0.79, 1.04)	1.10 (1.06, 1.14)	1.07 (1.00, 1.14)	1.08 (0.69, 1.68)	0.79 (0.58, 1.08)	1.12 (0.63, 1.99)
Non-Hispanic Other	1.09 (0.93, 1.28)	1.05 (1.02, 1.09)	1.01 (0.95, 1.07)	1.26 (0.75, 2.13)	0.86 (0.58, 1.27)	1.84 (0.93, 3.66)
Hispanic or Latino	0.85 (0.75, 0.96)	0.99 (0.94, 1.03)	1.07 (1.00, 1.16)	0.92 (0.59, 1.42)	0.70 (0.51, 0.95)	0.83 (0.47, 1.48)
Insurance
Private	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Government/Misc	0.82 (0.64, 1.06)	0.91 (0.85, 0.97)	0.97 (0.85, 1.11)	1.46 (0.61, 3.53)	1.06 (0.55, 2.05)	1.98 (1.16, 3.40)
Medicaid	1.46 (1.30, 1.64)	1.15 (1.11, 1.19)	1.13 (1.07, 1.19)	1.36 (0.91, 2.03)	1.21 (0.91, 1.61)	2.01 (0.88, 4.60)
Medicare	1.43 (1.06, 1.93)	1.29 (1.17, 1.43)	1.03 (0.92, 1.17)	1.03 (0.46, 2.28)	0.91 (0.54, 1.52)	1.39 (0.62, 3.11)
Self-Pay	0.79 (0.67, 0.93)	0.98 (0.95, 1.02)	0.98 (0.90, 1.07)	1.45 (0.86, 2.47)	0.88 (0.57, 1.36)	1.39 (0.62, 3.11)
Missing	2.00 (1.71, 2.33)	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	1.19 (1.11, 1.27)	1.74 (1.05, 2.90)	2.10 (1.51, 2.93)	2.17 (1.16, 4.05)
Elixhauser AHRQ weighted Comorbidity Score [10 units increment]4	1.96 (1.84, 2.08)	1.12 (1.09, 1.14)	1.16 (1.13, 1.18)	1.37 (1.19, 1.57)	1.38 (1.32, 1.44)	3.15 (2.76, 3.61)
Gestational Diabetes
No	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	1.58 (1.24, 2.01)	0.98 (0.90, 1.07)	0.96 (0.87, 1.06)	0.86 (0.38, 1.94)	0.79 (0.41, 1.53)	–
Decadron and Prednisone
No	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	2.15 (1.78, 2.59)	1.28 (1.20, 1.36)	1.26 (1.17, 1.35)	2.49 (1.68, 3.69)	2.34 (1.77, 3.11)	–
Anticoagulant
No	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]	1 [Reference]
Yes	72.73 (61.15, 86.50)	3.67 (3.27, 4.12)	1.36 (1.30, 1.43)	12.11 (8.53, 17.18)	13.76 (10.82, 17.50)	–
AUC	0.89	–	–	0.88	0.93	0.90
R2	–	0.12	0.15	–	–	–

¹ Adjusted odds ratio from mixed-effect logistic regression model (clustering on one-digit zip-code)

² adjusted exponentiated coefficients (mixed-effect exponential regression model clustering on one-digit zip-code) relating to percentage change in expected maximum length of hospital stay

³ Change in odds (or change in % of response for exponential model) for each 5 unit increase in predictor

⁴Change in odds (or change in % of response for exponential model) for each 10 unit increase in predictor