Table 3. Unadjusted and Adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PRs), of Meeting Current USPSTF Screening Guidelines, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018a .
| Variables | Breast Cancer |
Cervical Cancer |
Colorectal Cancer |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI)b | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI)b | Unadjusted PR (95% CI) | Adjusted PR (95% CI)b | |
| Age, yc | ||||||
| 21–39 | — | — | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | — | — |
| 40–49 | — | — | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | — | — |
| 50–65 | — | — | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | — | — |
| Age, yc | ||||||
| 50–64 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | — | — | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 65–75 | 1.29 (1.24–1.34) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | — | — | 1.06 (1.05–1.08) | 1.23 (1.19–1.28) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | 1.10 (1.07–1.13) | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) | 1.01 (0.97–1.04) | 1.07 (1.03–1.12) |
| Hispanic | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) | 0.83 (0.77–0.88) | 0.97 (0.92–0.99) |
| Otherd | 0.98 (0.95–1.01) | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 0.89 (0.86–0.92) | 0.90 (0.87–0.93) | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.95 (0.91–1.00) |
| County type | ||||||
| Metropolitan | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Micropolitan | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.96 (0.91–1.00) | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) |
| Rural | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 0.93 (0.91–0.96) | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) | 0.93 (0.88–0.98) |
| Annual household income, $ | ||||||
| <25,000 | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) | 0.87 (0.85–0.89) | 0.94 (0.91–0.96) | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | 0.92 (0.89–0.96) |
| 25,000 to <35,000 | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) | 0.90 (0.88–0.93) | 0.95 (0.92–0.98) | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) | 0.96 (0.91–0.99) |
| 35,000 to <50,000 | 0.94 (0.93–0.96) | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 0.94 (0.93–0.95) | 0.97 (0.96–0.99) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.95 (0.92–0.99) |
| ≥50,000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Education | ||||||
| <High school diploma | 0.88 (0.85–0.92) | 0.98 (0.94–1.01) | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.97 (0.90–1.04) | 0.77 (0.73–0.82) | 0.88 (0.83–0.94) |
| High school diploma | 0.93 (0.92–0.94) | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.88 (0.86–0.90) | 0.95 (0.92–0.97) | 0.90 (0.89–0.92) | 0.92 (0.89–0.95) |
| Some college | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.93 (0.91–0.95) | 0.97 (0.94–0.99) | 0.95 (0.93–0.97) | 0.96 (0.92–0.99) |
| College degree | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Unemployed | 0.94 (0.92–0.96) | 0.98 (0.95–1.00) | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) | 0.97 (0.95–1.00) | 0.96 (0.93–0.99) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
| Retired | 0.91 (0.89–0.94) | 0.97 (0.95–0.99) | 0.91 (0.89–0.93) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) |
| Have some form of health insurance | ||||||
| Yes | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| No | 0.68 (0.64–0.72) | 0.74 (0.68–0.79) | 0.79 (0.75–0.83) | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) | 0.54 (0.49–0.59) | 0.61 (0.56–0.66) |
| Avoided medical care because of cost in past year | ||||||
| Yes | 0.80 (0.77–0.82) | 0.85 (0.81–0.89) | 0.88 (0.86–0.89) | 0.94 (0.92–0.97) | 0.77 (0.73–0.81) | 0.91 (0.87–0.96) |
| No | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
Abbreviations: — , not applicable; USPSTF, US Preventive Services Task Force.
a
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (9). Log-binomial regression was used to estimate prevalence ratios instead of odds ratios to produce less biased measures of association due to the high frequency of the outcome variable (meeting screening guidelines) in this analysis.
b
Adjusted log-binomial regression models include age, race/ethnicity, county type, annual household income, education, employment status, health insurance status, and whether the respondent avoided medical care because of cost in the past year.
c
Age categories were created according to screening eligibility criteria defined by USPSTF.
d
Consists of Asian, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native.