Table 1. Prevalence of Controlled Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c< 8%) among Adults with Diabetes-NHANES, 1999-2016.
Variables |
Overall (n=7521) |
1999-2004 (n=1960) |
2005-2010 (n=2663) |
2011-2016 (n=2898) |
Ptrend (adjusted) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All patients |
75.4 (0.8) |
71.9 (1.4) |
74.0 (1.2) |
79.9 (1.4) |
<0.001 |
Race and ethnicity |
|||||
Whites |
79.5 (1.0) |
76.3 (2.0) |
82.0 (3.0) |
85.7 (3.0) |
<0.01 |
Blacks |
71.3 (1.1) |
65.3 (3.0) |
70.7 (1.6) |
75.5 (1.6) |
0.03 |
Hispanics |
64.1 (1.6) |
59.3 (3.4) |
68.6 (3.0) |
67.5 (2.4) |
0.39 |
Others |
73.8 (2.8) |
70.5 (1.8) |
78.5 (1.3) |
79.7 (1.8) |
0.45 |
Education |
|||||
Less than high school |
72.6 (1.2) |
66.8 (2.1) |
70.6 (1.8) |
71.2 (2.1) |
<0.001 |
High school graduate |
73.3 (1.4) |
70.0 (2.2) |
72.0 (2.2) |
76.2 (2.5) |
0.09 |
Some college |
77.6 (1.3) |
72.5 (2.8) |
79.0 (1.9) |
78.0 (2.0) |
0.12 |
College graduate or above |
84.7 (1.7) |
83.9 (3.5) |
84.1 (2.7) |
86.0 (2.6) |
0.21 |
Poverty-to-income ratio (PIR) |
|||||
<100% |
70.1 (1.4) |
67.8 (3.3) |
69.9 (2.4) |
71.5 (2.0) |
0.02 |
100%-299% |
74.0 (1.1) |
72.0 (2.2) |
70.1 (1.4) |
78.2 (2.0) |
0.12 |
300%-499% |
76.3 (1.8) |
71.8 (3.8) |
81.9 (2.3) |
79.8 (2.0) |
0.56 |
≥500% |
79.5 (1.9) |
73.9 (3.2) |
83.8 (2.8) |
83.6 (3.5) |
0.77 |
Insurance |
|||||
Insured |
78.3 (2.2) |
75.4 (1.5) |
76.7 (1.2) |
82.5 (1.3) |
<0.001 |
Uninsured |
61.9 (0.8) |
57.2 (3.1) |
67.9 (2.9) |
59.6 (3.6) |
0.11 |
Diabetes medication |
|||||
Oral medications only |
80.0 (0.9) |
72.6 (1.9) |
80.9 (1.3) |
84.0 (1.4) |
<0.001 |
Insulin only |
58.0 (2.2) |
54.9 (3.4) |
56.2 (4.2) |
61.1 (3.5) |
0.32 |
Oral medications and insulin |
51.6 (2.4) |
49.6 (4.8) |
46.3 (3.8) |
59.8 (3.4) |
0.21 |
None |
85.6 (1.1) |
84.6 (1.9) |
89.3 (1.6) |
82.7 (2.0) |
0.32 |
Statin use |
|||||
Yes |
79.2 (1.2) |
74.1 (2.7) |
80.2 (1.4) |
86.7 (2.4) |
0.01 |
No |
70.2 (1.1) |
69.3 (1.6) |
71.5 (1.8) |
70.3 (2.3) |
0.44 |
Co-morbidities |
|||||
Hypertension |
75.1 (1.6) |
74.5 (1.5) |
76.2 (1.1) |
76.7 (1.5) |
0.16 |
Chronic kidney disease |
72.4 (1.0) |
69.2 (2.7) |
76.2 (1.9) |
69.6 (2.4) |
0.52 |
Cardiovascular disease |
70.5 (1.5) |
70.7 (1.3) |
68.0 (1.4) |
71.8 (1.5) |
0.70 |
Albuminuria |
65.3 (1.4) |
63.4 (2.5) |
63.9 (2.0) |
62.7 (2.4) |
0.33 |
Data are presented as percentages and Standard Error (SE) | |||||