Table 5. Adjusted Odds Ratios for Achieving Quality Indicators for Diabetes Care among Adults with Diabetes, NHANES 1999-2016.
Variables |
HbA1c <8% |
BP <130/80 mm/Hg |
LDL-C <100 mg/dL |
Triglycerides <150 mg/dL) |
Receipt of eye examination |
Receipt of foot examination |
Visited a diabetes educator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (ref: 20 to 39) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
40 to 59 |
1.08 (0.76-1.54) |
0.97 (0.71-1.32) |
0.70 (0.42-1.19) |
0.61 (0.39-1.26) |
1.62 (0.99-1.98) |
1.33 (0.91-1.94) |
1.05 (0.90-1.26) |
≥60 |
1.75 (1.16-2.63)* |
0.64 (0.46-0.89)* |
1.27 (1.01-1.58)* |
0.76 (0.56-0.99)* |
2.51 (1.48-4.26)* |
1.63 (1.03-2.58)* |
1.28 (1.43-1.31)* |
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Women vs. men |
0.57 (0.50-0.66)* |
1.09 (0.92-1.29) |
0.66 (0.51-0.84)* |
0.91 (0.71-1.16) |
1.22 (0.97-1.54) |
1.14 (0.86-1.51) |
1.12 (0.91-1.30) |
Educational status (ref: < high school) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
High school graduate |
1.01 (0.77-1.23) |
1.01 (0.81-1.25) |
1.01 (0.67-1.11) |
1.11 (0.85-1.45) |
1.01 (0.81-1.25) |
1.26 (0.95-1.67) |
1.08 (0.83-1.39) |
Some college |
1.03 (0.78-1.26) |
1.15 (0.93-1.43) |
1.40 (0.62-1.42) |
1.23 (0.93-1.61) |
1.15 (0.93-1.43) |
1.29 (0.93-1.77) |
1.18 (0.90-1.53) |
College graduate or above |
1.42 (1.03-1.96)* |
1.25 (0.94-1.68) |
1.43 (1.14-2.39)* |
1.58 (1.05-2.39)* |
1.25 (1.10-1.68) |
1.85 (1.15-2.97)* |
1.38 (1.10-1.65)* |
Poverty income-ratio (ref: <100%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
100%-299% |
1.07 (0.84-1.37) |
0.94 (0.77-1.14) |
1.29 (0.90-1.86) |
1.31 (0.96-1.78) |
1.28 (0.98-1.59) |
0.94 (0.71-1.25) |
1.05 (0.81-1.35) |
300%-499% |
1.30 (0.62-1.24) |
1.03 (0.77-1.31) |
1.30 (1.00-2.10)* |
1.00 (0.68-1.45) |
1.33 (1.11-2.11)* |
0.97 (0.67-1.41) |
1.09 (0.85-1.40) |
≥500% |
1.60 (0.64-1.34) |
1.13 (0.58-1.08) |
1.41 (0.80-2.50) |
1.32 (0.86-2.12) |
1.40 (0.84-1.97) |
1.40 (0.90-2.18) |
1.33 (1.06-1.54) |
Race and ethnicity (ref: whites) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Blacks |
0.77 (0.63-0.96)* |
0.75 (0.63-0.89)* |
0.68 (0.51-0.90)* |
3.61 (2.63-4.95)* |
1.37 (1.06-1.78)* |
1.42 (1.07-1.88) |
1.40 (1.12-1.75)* |
Hispanics |
0.62 (0.49-0.79)* |
0.52 (0.35-0.72)* |
0.64 (0.44-0.92)* |
1.21 (0.88-1.68) |
1.05 (0.80-1.38) |
0.83 (0.62-0.95)* |
1.15 (0.91-1.50) |
Others |
0.88 (0.58-1.33) |
1.02 (0.77-1.49) |
1.23 (0.79-1.94) |
0.78 (0.48-1.28) |
1.19 (0.82-1.72) |
0.97 (0.62-1.51) |
0.92 (0.58-1.45) |
Insurance |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Uninsured vs. insured |
0.56 (0.44-0.72)* |
0.81 (0.62-0.99)* |
0.78 (0.58-0.82)* |
0.74 (0.53-0.85)* |
0.81 (0.62-0.92)* |
0.53 (0.38-0.74)* |
1.04 (0.73-1.55) |
BMI, kg/m2 (ref:<25) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
25-<30 |
1.06 (0.76-1.46) |
1.22 (0.95-1.57) |
0.83 (0.56-1.31) |
0.56 (0.39-0.80)* |
0.78 (0.56-1.09) |
0.75 (0.51-1.11) |
0.94 (0.75-1.25) |
≥30 |
0.84 (0.61-1.17) |
1.29 (0.96-1.53) |
0.89 (0.59-1.35) |
0.50 (0.36-0.71)* |
0.90 (0.65-1.24) |
0.82 (0.54-1.25) |
1.12 (1.01-1.34)* |
Current smoker |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes vs. no |
0.88 (0.68-1.14) |
0.82 (0.73-1.11) |
1.07 (0.78-1.47) |
0.85 (0.62-1.17) |
0.62 (0.48-0.79)* |
1.29 (0.90-1.86) |
0.76 (0.54-1.07) |
Statin use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yes vs. no |
1.19 (0.97-1.47) |
1.28 (1.07-1.54)* |
3.84 (2.89-5.09)* |
1.15 (0.89-1.48) |
1.54 (1.20-1.97)* |
1.36 (1.03-1.80)* |
0.86 (0.67-0.95)* |
Diabetes education (ref: none) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oral medications only |
2.40 (1.96-2.47)* |
1.52 (1.27-1.82)* |
1.64 (1.26-2.17)* |
0.97 (0.76-1.24) |
0.86 (0.56-1.03) |
1.32 (0.98-1.45) |
2.70 (1.89-3.84) |
Insulin only |
1.60 (1.40-1.80)* |
0.95 (0.77-1.09) |
0.97 (0.80-1.03) |
0.92 (0.84-1.09) |
1.79 (1.38-2.59)* |
2.72 (1.86-4.02)* |
1.37 (0.95-1.66) |
Oral medications and insulin |
1.32 (0.93-1.37) |
1.03 (0.89-1.33) |
1.13 (0.96-1.26) |
1.02 (0.91-1.18) |
1.00 (0.92-1.24) |
1.20 (0.84-1.03) |
1.40 (1.27-1.68) |
Comorbidities (ref: without comorbidity) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypertension |
0.57 (0.33-0.76)* |
0.23 (0.19-0.28)* |
0.89 (0.66-1.35) |
0.93 (0.72-1.19) |
0.97 (0.78-1.31) |
1.15 (0.91-1.46) |
0.98 (0.76-1.26) |
Chronic kidney disease |
0.89 (0.70-1.15) |
0.95 (0.77-1.16) |
1.01 (0.71-1.39) |
1.19 (0.88-1.60) |
1.04 (0.82-1.29) |
1.41 (1.01-1.97) |
1.30 (0.99-1.73) |
Cardiovascular disease |
1.02 (0.79-1.31) |
1.18 (0.96-1.45) |
1.00 (0.72-1.40) |
0.87 (0.66-1.15) |
1.47 (1.12-1.94)* |
0.99 (0.68-1.23) |
1.20 (0.90-1.49) |
Albuminuria |
0.48 (0.39-0.60)* |
0.49 (0.41-0.59)* |
1.11 (0.82-1.49) |
0.62 (0.46-0.82)* |
1.00 (0.73-1.35) |
0.92 (0.69-1.23) |
1.19 (0.95-1.49) |
Estimates are statistically significant at P < 0.05.