Table 5. Adjusted Odds Ratios for Achieving Quality Indicators for Diabetes Care among Adults with Diabetes, NHANES 1999-2016.

Variables	HbA1c <8%	BP <130/80 mm/Hg	LDL-C <100 mg/dL	Triglycerides <150 mg/dL)	Receipt of eye examination	Receipt of foot examination	Visited a diabetes educator
Age (ref: 20 to 39)
40 to 59	1.08 (0.76-1.54)	0.97 (0.71-1.32)	0.70 (0.42-1.19)	0.61 (0.39-1.26)	1.62 (0.99-1.98)	1.33 (0.91-1.94)	1.05 (0.90-1.26)
≥60	1.75 (1.16-2.63)*	0.64 (0.46-0.89)*	1.27 (1.01-1.58)*	0.76 (0.56-0.99)*	2.51 (1.48-4.26)*	1.63 (1.03-2.58)*	1.28 (1.43-1.31)*
Gender
Women vs. men	0.57 (0.50-0.66)*	1.09 (0.92-1.29)	0.66 (0.51-0.84)*	0.91 (0.71-1.16)	1.22 (0.97-1.54)	1.14 (0.86-1.51)	1.12 (0.91-1.30)
Educational status (ref: < high school)
High school graduate	1.01 (0.77-1.23)	1.01 (0.81-1.25)	1.01 (0.67-1.11)	1.11 (0.85-1.45)	1.01 (0.81-1.25)	1.26 (0.95-1.67)	1.08 (0.83-1.39)
Some college	1.03 (0.78-1.26)	1.15 (0.93-1.43)	1.40 (0.62-1.42)	1.23 (0.93-1.61)	1.15 (0.93-1.43)	1.29 (0.93-1.77)	1.18 (0.90-1.53)
College graduate or above	1.42 (1.03-1.96)*	1.25 (0.94-1.68)	1.43 (1.14-2.39)*	1.58 (1.05-2.39)*	1.25 (1.10-1.68)	1.85 (1.15-2.97)*	1.38 (1.10-1.65)*
Poverty income-ratio (ref: <100%)
100%-299%	1.07 (0.84-1.37)	0.94 (0.77-1.14)	1.29 (0.90-1.86)	1.31 (0.96-1.78)	1.28 (0.98-1.59)	0.94 (0.71-1.25)	1.05 (0.81-1.35)
300%-499%	1.30 (0.62-1.24)	1.03 (0.77-1.31)	1.30 (1.00-2.10)*	1.00 (0.68-1.45)	1.33 (1.11-2.11)*	0.97 (0.67-1.41)	1.09 (0.85-1.40)
≥500%	1.60 (0.64-1.34)	1.13 (0.58-1.08)	1.41 (0.80-2.50)	1.32 (0.86-2.12)	1.40 (0.84-1.97)	1.40 (0.90-2.18)	1.33 (1.06-1.54)
Race and ethnicity (ref: whites)
Blacks	0.77 (0.63-0.96)*	0.75 (0.63-0.89)*	0.68 (0.51-0.90)*	3.61 (2.63-4.95)*	1.37 (1.06-1.78)*	1.42 (1.07-1.88)	1.40 (1.12-1.75)*
Hispanics	0.62 (0.49-0.79)*	0.52 (0.35-0.72)*	0.64 (0.44-0.92)*	1.21 (0.88-1.68)	1.05 (0.80-1.38)	0.83 (0.62-0.95)*	1.15 (0.91-1.50)
Others	0.88 (0.58-1.33)	1.02 (0.77-1.49)	1.23 (0.79-1.94)	0.78 (0.48-1.28)	1.19 (0.82-1.72)	0.97 (0.62-1.51)	0.92 (0.58-1.45)
Insurance
Uninsured vs. insured	0.56 (0.44-0.72)*	0.81 (0.62-0.99)*	0.78 (0.58-0.82)*	0.74 (0.53-0.85)*	0.81 (0.62-0.92)*	0.53 (0.38-0.74)*	1.04 (0.73-1.55)
BMI, kg/m2 (ref:<25)
25-<30	1.06 (0.76-1.46)	1.22 (0.95-1.57)	0.83 (0.56-1.31)	0.56 (0.39-0.80)*	0.78 (0.56-1.09)	0.75 (0.51-1.11)	0.94 (0.75-1.25)
≥30	0.84 (0.61-1.17)	1.29 (0.96-1.53)	0.89 (0.59-1.35)	0.50 (0.36-0.71)*	0.90 (0.65-1.24)	0.82 (0.54-1.25)	1.12 (1.01-1.34)*
Current smoker
Yes vs. no	0.88 (0.68-1.14)	0.82 (0.73-1.11)	1.07 (0.78-1.47)	0.85 (0.62-1.17)	0.62 (0.48-0.79)*	1.29 (0.90-1.86)	0.76 (0.54-1.07)
Statin use
Yes vs. no	1.19 (0.97-1.47)	1.28 (1.07-1.54)*	3.84 (2.89-5.09)*	1.15 (0.89-1.48)	1.54 (1.20-1.97)*	1.36 (1.03-1.80)*	0.86 (0.67-0.95)*
Diabetes education (ref: none)
Oral medications only	2.40 (1.96-2.47)*	1.52 (1.27-1.82)*	1.64 (1.26-2.17)*	0.97 (0.76-1.24)	0.86 (0.56-1.03)	1.32 (0.98-1.45)	2.70 (1.89-3.84)
Insulin only	1.60 (1.40-1.80)*	0.95 (0.77-1.09)	0.97 (0.80-1.03)	0.92 (0.84-1.09)	1.79 (1.38-2.59)*	2.72 (1.86-4.02)*	1.37 (0.95-1.66)
Oral medications and insulin	1.32 (0.93-1.37)	1.03 (0.89-1.33)	1.13 (0.96-1.26)	1.02 (0.91-1.18)	1.00 (0.92-1.24)	1.20 (0.84-1.03)	1.40 (1.27-1.68)
Comorbidities (ref: without comorbidity)
Hypertension	0.57 (0.33-0.76)*	0.23 (0.19-0.28)*	0.89 (0.66-1.35)	0.93 (0.72-1.19)	0.97 (0.78-1.31)	1.15 (0.91-1.46)	0.98 (0.76-1.26)
Chronic kidney disease	0.89 (0.70-1.15)	0.95 (0.77-1.16)	1.01 (0.71-1.39)	1.19 (0.88-1.60)	1.04 (0.82-1.29)	1.41 (1.01-1.97)	1.30 (0.99-1.73)
Cardiovascular disease	1.02 (0.79-1.31)	1.18 (0.96-1.45)	1.00 (0.72-1.40)	0.87 (0.66-1.15)	1.47 (1.12-1.94)*	0.99 (0.68-1.23)	1.20 (0.90-1.49)
Albuminuria	0.48 (0.39-0.60)*	0.49 (0.41-0.59)*	1.11 (0.82-1.49)	0.62 (0.46-0.82)*	1.00 (0.73-1.35)	0.92 (0.69-1.23)	1.19 (0.95-1.49)

^*Estimates are statistically significant at P < 0.05.