Supplemental Table 1. Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics of Adults with Diabetes (≥20 Years Old) -NHANES, 1999-2016.
Variables |
Overall |
SE |
1999-2004 |
SE |
2005-2010 |
SE |
2011-2016 |
SE |
Ptrend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) |
% (95% CI) |
% (95% CI) |
% (95% CI) |
||||||
n=7521 |
n=1960 |
n=2663 |
n=2898 |
||||||
Age (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
20-39 |
9.3 (8.5-10.1) |
0.4 |
9.9 (7.6-12.1) |
1.1 |
9.3 (8.1-10.4) |
0.6 |
7.8 (6.8-10.1) |
0.6 |
0.03 |
40-59 |
39.4 (37.8-41.0) |
0.8 |
40.7 (38.0-43.4) |
1.4 |
39.4 (36.7-42.1) |
1.4 |
39.7 (35.8-41.3) |
1.4 |
0.06 |
≥60 |
51.2 (49.5-52.9) |
0.9 |
49.3 (45.9-52.7) |
1.7 |
51.2 (48.3-54.1) |
1.5 |
52.4 (49.7-55.0) |
1.3 |
<0.01 |
Female |
48.8 (47.2-50.3) |
0.8 |
49.0 (46.7-51.2) |
1.1 |
49.5 (46.7-52.3) |
1.4 |
48.1 (45.5-50.7) |
1.3 |
0.57 |
Educational Status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
< High school |
27.7 (26.1-29.2) |
0.8 |
34.2 (27.4-36.9) |
1.4 |
27.3 (22.1-30.4) |
1.1 |
23.0 (20.9-25.4) |
1.4 |
<0.001 |
High school graduate |
24.7 (23.1-26.3) |
0.8 |
25.3 (22.4-28.1) |
1.4 |
26.2 (23.0-29.3) |
1.6 |
23.3 (20.9-25.4) |
1.2 |
0.19 |
Some college |
29.2 (27.5-30.8) |
0.8 |
25.8 (22.9-28.6) |
1.5 |
28.8 (25.0-30.7) |
1.4 |
32.4 (29.8-34.9) |
1.3 |
<0.001 |
College education or above |
18.3 (16.7-19.9) |
0.8 |
14.6 (12.3-17.0) |
1.2 |
17.7 (15.1-20.0) |
1.2 |
21.3 (18.1-24.2) |
1.5 |
<0.001 |
Poverty-to-income ratio |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<100% |
17.2 (15.8-18.7) |
0.8 |
17.3 (14.7-19.9) |
1.3 |
14.6 (12.2-16.6) |
1.1 |
19.6 (16.9-22.2) |
1.4 |
0.08 |
100-299% |
42.9 (41.1-44.6) |
0.9 |
44.9 (41.2-48.5) |
1.8 |
44.5 (42.1-47.6) |
1.4 |
39.9 (37.1-42.8) |
1.4 |
0.04 |
300-499% |
22.2 (15.8-18.7) |
0.8 |
22.0 (19.3-24.6) |
1.3 |
21.2 (18.6-23.5) |
1.2 |
23.3 (20.3-26.1) |
1.5 |
0.33 |
≥500% |
17.6 (15.9-19.3) |
0.9 |
15.7 (12.6-18.8) |
1.6 |
19.6 (17.3-21.9) |
1.2 |
17.1 (14.0-20.3) |
1.6 |
0.57 |
Race and ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Whites |
61.0 (57.9-64.1) |
1.6 |
63.8 (58.4-68.9) |
2.7 |
62.5 (57.0-67.8) |
2.7 |
58.2 (53.0-63.4) |
2.6 |
0.01 |
Blacks |
15.9 (14.0-17.5) |
1.0 |
15.3 (12.0-18.5) |
1.7 |
16.8 (13.8-17.6) |
1.5 |
15.6 (12.2-18.8) |
1.7 |
0.98 |
Hispanics |
15.1 (12.7-17.5) |
1.2 |
13.9 (9.1-18.9) |
2.5 |
14.0 (10.4-17.6) |
1.8 |
16.6 (12.6-20.5) |
2.0 |
<0.001 |
Others |
7.9 (6.7-9.0) |
0.6 |
6.9 (4.6-9.1) |
1.2 |
6.6 (4.9-8.3) |
0.9 |
9.5 (7.6-11.5) |
1.0 |
0.06 |
Insured |
87.8 (86.8-88.8) |
0.5 |
87.9 (86.1-89.8) |
0.9 |
87.3 (85.3-89.2) |
1.0 |
88.2 (86.8-89.6) |
0.7 |
0.73 |
BMI, kg/m2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<25 |
12.7 (11.5-13.9) |
0.6 |
15.0 (12.0-18.1) |
1.5 |
12.8 (11.2-14.4) |
0.8 |
11.7 (9.5-13.0) |
0.9 |
0.02 |
25-<30 |
26.7 (25.3-28.1) |
0.7 |
30.1 (27.0-33.2) |
1.6 |
25.6 (23.2-28.1) |
1.2 |
26.1 (23.5-27.8) |
1.1 |
0.14 |
≥30 |
60.5 (58.6-62.4) |
1.0 |
54.8 (50.6-58.8) |
2.1 |
61.5 (58.5-64.4) |
1.5 |
62.1 (59.9-66.0) |
1.5 |
<0.01 |
Current smoker |
17.1 (16.0-18.1) |
0.5 |
19.7 (17.6-21.8) |
1.1 |
17.0 (15.3-18.7) |
0.9 |
15.5 (13.9-17.2) |
0.9 |
<0.01 |
Statin user |
57.6 (55.9-59.4) |
0.9 |
28.4 (25.3-31.5) |
1.0 |
46.3 (44.1-48.5) |
1.1 |
50.1 (46.6-53.7) |
1.8 |
<0.001 |
Diabetes medication |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oral medications |
55.0 (53.2-56.9) |
0.8 |
55.8 (52.3-59.2) |
1.2 |
56.8 (51.4-58.4) |
1.5 |
57.9 (52.1-60.1) |
1.3 |
0.001 |
Insulin |
13.2 (11.7-14.1) |
0.5 |
15.8 (12.8-18.9) |
1.3 |
12.9 (10.9-14.8) |
0.8 |
11.5 (9.8-13.1) |
0.8 |
0.01 |
Oral medications and insulin |
12.5 (11.4-13.6) |
0.5 |
10.4 (7.6-13.0) |
1.1 |
10.7 (11.9-15.4) |
0.7 |
10.5 (11.1-14.1) |
0.8 |
0.21 |
HbA1c<8% |
75.3 (74.1-77.0) |
0.8 |
72.1 (70.2-75.4) |
1.3 |
73.6 (72.0-77.3) |
1.3 |
79.6 (77.8-81.4) |
1.3 |
<0.001 |
Blood pressure control |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<140/90 mm Hg |
71.5 (69.9-73.0) |
0.8 |
67.4 (64.7-70.1) |
1.4 |
71.8 (69.5-74.1) |
1.2 |
73.6 (70.9-76.4) |
1.4 |
0.01 |
<130/80 mm Hg |
48.6 (46.8-50.3) |
0.8 |
42.3 (38.6-46.1) |
1.8 |
50.2 (47.5-53.0) |
1.3 |
51.1 (48.4-53.7) |
1.4 |
0.03 |
Lipid profile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LDL-C ≤100 mg/dL |
46.6 (44.0-49.2) |
1.3 |
35.0 (30.1-40.0) |
2.5 |
50.6 (46.7-54.6) |
2.0 |
51.4 (47.0-55.8) |
2.2 |
<0.001 |
Triglycerides ≤ 150mg/dL |
53.2 (50.3-56.2) |
1.5 |
44.3 (39.9-48.6) |
2.2 |
54.5 (50.5-58.5) |
2.0 |
58.4 (51.4-65.5) |
2.5 |
<0.001 |
Health services use in the past year |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foot exam |
71.5 (69.4-73.7) |
1.1 |
71.4 (68.7-74.0) |
1.3 |
71.8 (68.5-75.0) |
1.6 |
0.35 |
||
Eye exam |
63.8 (61.1-65.8) |
1.2 |
63.7 (60.5-66.9) |
1.6 |
63.0 (59.6-66.5) |
1.7 |
0.76 |
||
Visited diabetes educator |
36.9 (34.9-39.0) |
1.0 |
38.5 (35.3-41.7) |
1.6 |
34.8 (32.4-37.1) |
1.2 |
0.06 |
||
Comorbidities |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hypertension |
64.8 (63.1-66.5) |
0.8 |
61.3 (58.3-64.4) |
1.5 |
65.8 (62.9-68.6) |
1.5 |
65.9 (63.2-68.7) |
1.4 |
<0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease |
22.4 (21.3-23.5) |
0.6 |
21.6 (19.5-23.7) |
1.1 |
22.3 (20.3-24.3) |
1.0 |
22.9 (21.2-24.6) |
0.9 |
0.01 |
Cardiovascular diseases |
23.3 (21.9-24.7) |
0.7 |
23.7 (20.4-27.1) |
1.7 |
23.9 (21.7-26.1) |
1.1 |
22.6 (20.7-24.4) |
0.9 |
0.47 |
Albuminuria |
27.3 (25.9-28.7) |
0.7 |
30.9 (28.8-33.1) |
1.1 |
27.0 (25.0-29.1) |
1.0 |
25.4 (22.7-28.0) |
1.3 |
<0.01 |
HbA1c = glycated haemoglobin; LDL-C = Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; CI = confidence interval; SE = standard error.
Data not available at the time of the study.