Table 2.

Effects of BMP treatment on neuronal and non-neuronal cells in SCI in in vitro models

BMP signaling component	Treatment	Outcomes	Ref.
BMP ligands	BMP7	BMP7 inhibited tumor necrosis factor α-mediated oligodendrocyte death	[56]
	BMP7	BMP7 inhibited glutamate induced neuronal cell death	[24]
	BMP4	In vitro culture of NSCs in the presence of BMP4 resulted in amelioration of oligodendrocyte differentiation and increase in astrocyte differentiation. Smad1 and 5 were activated in response to BMP4 treatment of NSCs	[25]
	BMP7	Noggin expressing OPCs treated with BMP7 showed less astrocytic differentiation	[16]
BMP antagonists	Noggin	Noggin treatment reduced astrocyte numbers. Inhibition of BMP4 using noggin attenuated differentiation of NSCs into astrocytes	[37]
	Noggin	Noggin treatment of OPCs partially reduced astrocytic differentiation	[40]
	Noggin	Noggin treatment reduced differentiation of OPCs into astrocytes in astrocyte conditioning media. p-Smad1, 5, and 8 levels were increased in OPCs in astrocyte conditioning media compared to control. OPCs cultured in astrocyte conditioning media predominantly differentiated into astrocytes	[36]
	Noggin and LDN193189	Treatment attenuated BMP4 induced activation of caspase-3 for cell death in neurons and oligodendrocytes post-SCI	[57]
	Noggin	Noggin treatment reduced astrocytic differentiation and increased the differentiation of NSCs into oligodendrocytes	[25]

BMP: bone morphogenic protein; SCI: spinal cord injury; OPCs: oligodendrocyte precursor cells; NSCs: neural stem cells