Table 1.
Characteristics of the Study Population with and without Benzodiazepine and Z-Drug Use in 2018
| Variable | Total | Benzodiazepine User | Benzodiazepine Non-User | P-value | Z-Drug User | Z-Drug Non User | P-value | Benzodia-Zepine and/or Z-Drug User | No Drug Use | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | N(%) | ||||
| Total | 844ʹ692 | 73ʹ719 (8.7%) | 770ʹ973 (91.3%) | 31ʹ652 (3.7%) | 813ʹ040 (96.3%) | 95ʹ179 (11.3%) | 749ʹ513 (88.7%) | |||
| Gender | <0.001' | <0.001' | <0.001' | |||||||
| Female | 443ʹ707 (52.5%) | 48ʹ267 (65.5%) | 395ʹ440 (51.3%) | 21ʹ099 (66.7%) | 422ʹ608 (52%) | 62ʹ435 (65.6%) | 381ʹ272 (50.9%) | |||
| Male | 400ʹ985 (47.5%) | 25ʹ452 (34.5%) | 375ʹ533 (48.7%) | 10ʹ553 (33.3%) | 390ʹ432 (48.0%) | 32ʹ744 (34.4%) | 368ʹ241 (49.1%) | |||
| Mean age (SD) | 51.5 (19.58) | 63.0 (18.42) | 50.3 (19.33) | <0.001'' | 65.5 (17.23) | 50.9 (19.47) | <0.001'' | 63.7 (18.17) | 49.9 (19.20) | <0.001'' |
| Age group (in years) | <0.001''' | <0.001''' | <0.001''' | |||||||
| 18–24 | 82ʹ328 (9.7%) | 2ʹ173 (2.9%) | 80ʹ155 (10.4%) | 503 (1.6%) | 81ʹ825 (10.1%) | 2ʹ496 (2.6%) | 79ʹ832 (10.7%) | |||
| 25–34 | 116ʹ981 (13.8%) | 4ʹ205 (5.7%) | 112ʹ776 (14.6%) | 1ʹ311 (4.1%) | 115ʹ670 (14.2%) | 5ʹ019 (5.3%) | 111ʹ962 (14.9%) | |||
| 35–44 | 131ʹ071 (15.5%) | 6ʹ697 (9.1%) | 124ʹ374 (16.1%) | 2ʹ341 (7.4%) | 128ʹ730 (15.8%) | 8ʹ116 (8.5%) | 122ʹ955 (16.4%) | |||
| 45–54 | 142ʹ710 (16.9%) | 10ʹ188 (13.8%) | 132ʹ522 (17.2%) | 4ʹ090 (12.9%) | 138ʹ620 (17.0%) | 12ʹ806 (13.5%) | 129ʹ904 (17.3%) | |||
| 55–64 | 132ʹ916 (15.7%) | 12ʹ213 (16.6%) | 120ʹ703 (15.7%) | 5ʹ389 (17.0%) | 127ʹ527 (15.7%) | 15ʹ781 (16.6%) | 117ʹ135 (15.6%) | |||
| 65–74 | 116ʹ274 (13.8%) | 15ʹ082 (20.5%) | 101ʹ192 (13.1%) | 6ʹ768 (21.4%) | 109ʹ506 (13.5%) | 19ʹ737 (20.7%) | 96ʹ537 (12.9%) | |||
| 75–84 | 84ʹ159 (10.0%) | 14ʹ952 (20.3%) | 69ʹ207 (9.0%) | 7ʹ281 (23.0%) | 76ʹ878 (9.5%) | 20ʹ094 (21.1%) | 64ʹ065 (8.5%) | |||
| ≥85 | 38ʹ253 (4.5%) | 8ʹ209 (11.1%) | 30ʹ044 (3.9%) | 3ʹ969 (12.5%) | 34ʹ284 (4.2%) | 11ʹ130 (11.7%) | 27ʹ123 (3.6%) | |||
| Language region | <0.001''' | <0.001''' | <0.001''' | |||||||
| German (incl. raetorom.) | 632ʹ294 (74.9%) | 46ʹ011 (62.4%) | 586ʹ283 (76.0%) | 21ʹ140 (66.8%) | 611ʹ154 (75.2%) | 61ʹ424 (64.5%) | 570ʹ870 (76.2%) | |||
| French | 158ʹ792 (18.8%) | 18ʹ893 (25.6%) | 139ʹ899 (18.1%) | 8ʹ315 (26.3%) | 150ʹ477 (18.5%) | 23ʹ669 (24.9%) | 135ʹ123 (18.0%) | |||
| Italian | 53ʹ606 (6.3%) | 8ʹ815 (12.0%) | 44ʹ791 (5.8%) | 2ʹ197 (6.9%) | 51ʹ409 (6.3%) | 10ʹ086 (10.6%) | 43ʹ520 (5.8%) | |||
| Region of residence | <0.001' | <0.001' | <0.001' | |||||||
| Urban | 731ʹ210 (86.6%) | 65ʹ180 (88.4%) | 666ʹ030 (86.4%) | 27ʹ776 (87.8%) | 703ʹ434 (86.5%) | 83ʹ899 (88.1%) | 647ʹ311 (86.4%) | |||
| Rural | 113ʹ482 (13.4%) | 8ʹ539 (11.6) | 104ʹ943 (13.6%) | 3ʹ876 (12.2%) | 109ʹ606 (13.5%) | 11ʹ280 (11.9%) | 102ʹ202 (13.6%) | |||
| Healthcare plan | ||||||||||
| Managed care model | <0.001' | <0.001' | <0.001' | |||||||
| Yes | 574ʹ256 (68.0%) | 41ʹ632 (56.5%) | 532ʹ624 (69.1%) | 17ʹ933 (56.7%) | 556ʹ323 (68.4%) | 54ʹ120 (56.9%) | 520ʹ136 (69.4%) | |||
| No | 270ʹ436 (32%) | 32ʹ087 (43.5%) | 238ʹ349 (30.9%) | 13ʹ719 (43.3%) | 256ʹ717 (31.6%) | 41ʹ059 (43.1%) | 229ʹ377 (30.6%) | |||
| Deductible | <0.001' | <0.001' | <0.001' | |||||||
| Low | 547ʹ281 (64.8%) | 65ʹ203 (88.4%) | 482ʹ078 (62.5%) | 28ʹ252 (89.3%) | 519ʹ029 (63.8%) | 84ʹ191 (88.5%) | 463ʹ090 (61.8%) | |||
| High | 297ʹ411 (35.2%) | 8ʹ516 (11.6%) | 288ʹ895 (37.5%) | 3ʹ400 (10.7%) | 294ʹ011 (36.2%) | 10ʹ988 (11.5%) | 286ʹ423 (38.2%) | |||
| Number of comorbidities | <0.001''' | <0.001''' | <0.001''' | |||||||
| 0 | 418ʹ697 (49.6%) | 6ʹ025 (8.2%) | 412ʹ672 (53.5%) | 2ʹ206 (7.0%) | 416ʹ491 (51.2%) | 7ʹ974 (8.4%) | 410ʹ723 (54.8%) | |||
| 1 | 154ʹ886 (18.3%) | 11ʹ021 (15.0%) | 143ʹ865 (18.7%) | 4ʹ212 (13.3%) | 150ʹ674 (18.5%) | 14ʹ253 (15.0%) | 140ʹ633 (18.8%) | |||
| 2 | 104ʹ348 (12.4%) | 13ʹ451 (18.2%) | 90ʹ897 (11.8%) | 5ʹ302 (16.8%) | 99ʹ046 (12.2%) | 17ʹ183 (18.1%) | 87ʹ165 (11.6%) | |||
| ≥3 | 166ʹ761 (19.7%) | 43ʹ222 (58.6%) | 123ʹ539 (16.0%) | 19ʹ932 (63.0%) | 146ʹ829 (18.1%) | 55ʹ769 (58.6%) | 110ʹ992 (14.8%) |
Notes: 'Fisher exact test; ''Kruskal-Wallis test; '''Chi-Square test.